zstd

README

Zstandard is a real-time compression algorithm, providing high compression ratios. It offers a very wide range of compression / speed trade-off, while being backed by a very fast decoder. A high performance compression algorithm is implemented. For now focused on speed.

This package provides compression to and decompression of Zstandard content.

This package is pure Go and without use of "unsafe".

The zstd package is provided as open source software using a Go standard license.

Currently the package is heavily optimized for 64 bit processors and will be significantly slower on 32 bit processors.

Installation

Install using go get -u github.com/klauspost/compress. The package is located in github.com/klauspost/compress/zstd.

Godoc Documentation: https://godoc.org/github.com/klauspost/compress/zstd

Compressor

Status:

STABLE - there may always be subtle bugs, a wide variety of content has been tested and the library is actively used by several projects. This library is being fuzz-tested for all updates.

There may still be specific combinations of data types/size/settings that could lead to edge cases, so as always, testing is recommended.

For now, a high speed (fastest) and medium-fast (default) compressor has been implemented.

The "Fastest" compression ratio is roughly equivalent to zstd level 1.
The "Default" compression ratio is roughly equivalent to zstd level 3 (default).
The "Better" compression ratio is roughly equivalent to zstd level 7.
The "Best" compression ratio is roughly equivalent to zstd level 11.

In terms of speed, it is typically 2x as fast as the stdlib deflate/gzip in its fastest mode. The compression ratio compared to stdlib is around level 3, but usually 3x as fast.

Usage

An Encoder can be used for either compressing a stream via the io.WriteCloser interface supported by the Encoder or as multiple independent tasks via the EncodeAll function. Smaller encodes are encouraged to use the EncodeAll function. Use NewWriter to create a new instance that can be used for both.

To create a writer with default options, do like this:

// Compress input to output.
func Compress(in io.Reader, out io.Writer) error {
    enc, err := zstd.NewWriter(out)
    if err != nil {
        return err
    }
    _, err = io.Copy(enc, in)
    if err != nil {
        enc.Close()
        return err
    }
    return enc.Close()
}

Now you can encode by writing data to enc. The output will be finished writing when Close() is called. Even if your encode fails, you should still call Close() to release any resources that may be held up.

The above is fine for big encodes. However, whenever possible try to reuse the writer.

To reuse the encoder, you can use the Reset(io.Writer) function to change to another output. This will allow the encoder to reuse all resources and avoid wasteful allocations.

Currently stream encoding has 'light' concurrency, meaning up to 2 goroutines can be working on part of a stream. This is independent of the WithEncoderConcurrency(n), but that is likely to change in the future. So if you want to limit concurrency for future updates, specify the concurrency you would like.

You can specify your desired compression level using WithEncoderLevel() option. Currently only pre-defined compression settings can be specified.

Future Compatibility Guarantees

This will be an evolving project. When using this package it is important to note that both the compression efficiency and speed may change.

The goal will be to keep the default efficiency at the default zstd (level 3). However the encoding should never be assumed to remain the same, and you should not use hashes of compressed output for similarity checks.

The Encoder can be assumed to produce the same output from the exact same code version. However, the may be modes in the future that break this, although they will not be enabled without an explicit option.

This encoder is not designed to (and will probably never) output the exact same bitstream as the reference encoder.

Also note, that the cgo decompressor currently does not report all errors on invalid input, omits error checks, ignores checksums and seems to ignore concatenated streams, even though it is part of the spec.

Blocks

For compressing small blocks, the returned encoder has a function called EncodeAll(src, dst []byte) []byte.

EncodeAll will encode all input in src and append it to dst. This function can be called concurrently, but each call will only run on a single goroutine.

Encoded blocks can be concatenated and the result will be the combined input stream. Data compressed with EncodeAll can be decoded with the Decoder, using either a stream or DecodeAll.

Especially when encoding blocks you should take special care to reuse the encoder. This will effectively make it run without allocations after a warmup period. To make it run completely without allocations, supply a destination buffer with space for all content.

import "github.com/klauspost/compress/zstd"

// Create a writer that caches compressors.
// For this operation type we supply a nil Reader.
var encoder, _ = zstd.NewWriter(nil)

// Compress a buffer. 
// If you have a destination buffer, the allocation in the call can also be eliminated.
func Compress(src []byte) []byte {
    return encoder.EncodeAll(src, make([]byte, 0, len(src)))
}

You can control the maximum number of concurrent encodes using the WithEncoderConcurrency(n) option when creating the writer.

Using the Encoder for both a stream and individual blocks concurrently is safe.

Performance

I have collected some speed examples to compare speed and compression against other compressors.

file is the input file.
out is the compressor used. zskp is this package. zstd is the Datadog cgo library. gzstd/gzkp is gzip standard and this library.
level is the compression level used. For zskp level 1 is "fastest", level 2 is "default"; 3 is "better", 4 is "best".
insize/outsize is the input/output size.
millis is the number of milliseconds used for compression.
mb/s is megabytes (2^20 bytes) per second.

Silesia Corpus:
http://sun.aei.polsl.pl/~sdeor/corpus/silesia.zip

This package:
file    out     level   insize      outsize     millis  mb/s
silesia.tar zskp    1   211947520   73101992    643     313.87
silesia.tar zskp    2   211947520   67504318    969     208.38
silesia.tar zskp    3   211947520   65177448    1899    106.44
silesia.tar zskp    4   211947520   61381950    8115    24.91

cgo zstd:
silesia.tar zstd    1   211947520   73605392    543     371.56
silesia.tar zstd    3   211947520   66793289    864     233.68
silesia.tar zstd    6   211947520   62916450    1913    105.66
silesia.tar zstd    9   211947520   60212393    5063    39.92

gzip, stdlib/this package:
silesia.tar gzstd   1   211947520   80007735    1654    122.21
silesia.tar gzkp    1   211947520   80369488    1168    173.06

GOB stream of binary data. Highly compressible.
https://files.klauspost.com/compress/gob-stream.7z

file        out     level   insize  outsize     millis  mb/s
gob-stream  zskp    1   1911399616  235022249   3088    590.30
gob-stream  zskp    2   1911399616  205669791   3786    481.34
gob-stream  zskp    3   1911399616  185792019   9324    195.48
gob-stream  zskp    4   1911399616  171537212   32113   56.76
gob-stream  zstd    1   1911399616  249810424   2637    691.26
gob-stream  zstd    3   1911399616  208192146   3490    522.31
gob-stream  zstd    6   1911399616  193632038   6687    272.56
gob-stream  zstd    9   1911399616  177620386   16175   112.70
gob-stream  gzstd   1   1911399616  357382641   10251   177.82
gob-stream  gzkp    1   1911399616  362156523   5695    320.08

The test data for the Large Text Compression Benchmark is the first
10^9 bytes of the English Wikipedia dump on Mar. 3, 2006.
http://mattmahoney.net/dc/textdata.html

file    out level   insize      outsize     millis  mb/s
enwik9  zskp    1   1000000000  343848582   3609    264.18
enwik9  zskp    2   1000000000  317276632   5746    165.97
enwik9  zskp    3   1000000000  294540704   11725   81.34
enwik9  zskp    4   1000000000  276609671   44029   21.66
enwik9  zstd    1   1000000000  358072021   3110    306.65
enwik9  zstd    3   1000000000  313734672   4784    199.35
enwik9  zstd    6   1000000000  295138875   10290   92.68
enwik9  zstd    9   1000000000  278348700   28549   33.40
enwik9  gzstd   1   1000000000  382578136   9604    99.30
enwik9  gzkp    1   1000000000  383825945   6544    145.73

Highly compressible JSON file.
https://files.klauspost.com/compress/github-june-2days-2019.json.zst

file                        out level   insize      outsize     millis  mb/s
github-june-2days-2019.json zskp    1   6273951764  699045015   10620   563.40
github-june-2days-2019.json zskp    2   6273951764  617881763   11687   511.96
github-june-2days-2019.json zskp    3   6273951764  537511906   29252   204.54
github-june-2days-2019.json zskp    4   6273951764  512796117   97791   61.18
github-june-2days-2019.json zstd    1   6273951764  766284037   8450    708.00
github-june-2days-2019.json zstd    3   6273951764  661889476   10927   547.57
github-june-2days-2019.json zstd    6   6273951764  642756859   22996   260.18
github-june-2days-2019.json zstd    9   6273951764  601974523   52413   114.16
github-june-2days-2019.json gzstd   1   6273951764  1164400847  29948   199.79
github-june-2days-2019.json gzkp    1   6273951764  1128755542  19236   311.03

VM Image, Linux mint with a few installed applications:
https://files.klauspost.com/compress/rawstudio-mint14.7z

file                    out level   insize      outsize     millis  mb/s
rawstudio-mint14.tar    zskp    1   8558382592  3667489370  20210   403.84
rawstudio-mint14.tar    zskp    2   8558382592  3364592300  31873   256.07
rawstudio-mint14.tar    zskp    3   8558382592  3224594213  71751   113.75
rawstudio-mint14.tar    zskp    4   8558382592  3027332295  486243  16.79
rawstudio-mint14.tar    zstd    1   8558382592  3609250104  17136   476.27
rawstudio-mint14.tar    zstd    3   8558382592  3341679997  29262   278.92
rawstudio-mint14.tar    zstd    6   8558382592  3235846406  77904   104.77
rawstudio-mint14.tar    zstd    9   8558382592  3160778861  140946  57.91
rawstudio-mint14.tar    gzstd   1   8558382592  3926257486  57722   141.40
rawstudio-mint14.tar    gzkp    1   8558382592  3970463184  41749   195.49

CSV data:
https://files.klauspost.com/compress/nyc-taxi-data-10M.csv.zst

file                    out level   insize      outsize     millis  mb/s
nyc-taxi-data-10M.csv   zskp    1   3325605752  641339945   8925    355.35
nyc-taxi-data-10M.csv   zskp    2   3325605752  591748091   11268   281.44
nyc-taxi-data-10M.csv   zskp    3   3325605752  538490114   19880   159.53
nyc-taxi-data-10M.csv   zskp    4   3325605752  495986829   89368   35.49
nyc-taxi-data-10M.csv   zstd    1   3325605752  687399637   8233    385.18
nyc-taxi-data-10M.csv   zstd    3   3325605752  598514411   10065   315.07
nyc-taxi-data-10M.csv   zstd    6   3325605752  570522953   20038   158.27
nyc-taxi-data-10M.csv   zstd    9   3325605752  517554797   64565   49.12
nyc-taxi-data-10M.csv   gzstd   1   3325605752  928656485   23876   132.83
nyc-taxi-data-10M.csv   gzkp    1   3325605752  924718719   16388   193.53

Decompressor

Staus: STABLE - there may still be subtle bugs, but a wide variety of content has been tested.

This library is being continuously fuzz-tested, kindly supplied by fuzzit.dev. The main purpose of the fuzz testing is to ensure that it is not possible to crash the decoder, or run it past its limits with ANY input provided.

Usage

The package has been designed for two main usages, big streams of data and smaller in-memory buffers. There are two main usages of the package for these. Both of them are accessed by creating a Decoder.

For streaming use a simple setup could look like this:

import "github.com/klauspost/compress/zstd"

func Decompress(in io.Reader, out io.Writer) error {
    d, err := zstd.NewReader(in)
    if err != nil {
        return err
    }
    defer d.Close()
    
    // Copy content...
    _, err = io.Copy(out, d)
    return err
}

It is important to use the "Close" function when you no longer need the Reader to stop running goroutines. See "Allocation-less operation" below.

For decoding buffers, it could look something like this:

import "github.com/klauspost/compress/zstd"

// Create a reader that caches decompressors.
// For this operation type we supply a nil Reader.
var decoder, _ = zstd.NewReader(nil)

// Decompress a buffer. We don't supply a destination buffer,
// so it will be allocated by the decoder.
func Decompress(src []byte) ([]byte, error) {
    return decoder.DecodeAll(src, nil)
}

Both of these cases should provide the functionality needed. The decoder can be used for concurrent decompression of multiple buffers. It will only allow a certain number of concurrent operations to run. To tweak that yourself use the WithDecoderConcurrency(n) option when creating the decoder.

Dictionaries

Data compressed with dictionaries can be decompressed.

Dictionaries are added individually to Decoders. Dictionaries are generated by the zstd --train command and contains an initial state for the decoder. To add a dictionary use the WithDecoderDicts(dicts ...[]byte) option with the dictionary data. Several dictionaries can be added at once.

The dictionary will be used automatically for the data that specifies them. A re-used Decoder will still contain the dictionaries registered.

When registering multiple dictionaries with the same ID, the last one will be used.

It is possible to use dictionaries when compressing data.

To enable a dictionary use WithEncoderDict(dict []byte). Here only one dictionary will be used and it will likely be used even if it doesn't improve compression.

The used dictionary must be used to decompress the content.

For any real gains, the dictionary should be built with similar data. If an unsuitable dictionary is used the output may be slightly larger than using no dictionary. Use the zstd commandline tool to build a dictionary from sample data. For information see zstd dictionary information.

For now there is a fixed startup performance penalty for compressing content with dictionaries. This will likely be improved over time. Just be aware to test performance when implementing.

Allocation-less operation

The decoder has been designed to operate without allocations after a warmup.

This means that you should store the decoder for best performance. To re-use a stream decoder, use the Reset(r io.Reader) error to switch to another stream. A decoder can safely be re-used even if the previous stream failed.

To release the resources, you must call the Close() function on a decoder. After this it can no longer be reused, but all running goroutines will be stopped. So you must use this if you will no longer need the Reader.

For decompressing smaller buffers a single decoder can be used. When decoding buffers, you can supply a destination slice with length 0 and your expected capacity. In this case no unneeded allocations should be made.

Concurrency

The buffer decoder does everything on the same goroutine and does nothing concurrently. It can however decode several buffers concurrently. Use WithDecoderConcurrency(n) to limit that.

The stream decoder operates on

One goroutine reads input and splits the input to several block decoders.
A number of decoders will decode blocks.
A goroutine coordinates these blocks and sends history from one to the next.

So effectively this also means the decoder will "read ahead" and prepare data to always be available for output.

Since "blocks" are quite dependent on the output of the previous block stream decoding will only have limited concurrency.

In practice this means that concurrency is often limited to utilizing about 2 cores effectively.

Benchmarks

These are some examples of performance compared to datadog cgo library.

The first two are streaming decodes and the last are smaller inputs.

BenchmarkDecoderSilesia-8                          3     385000067 ns/op     550.51 MB/s        5498 B/op          8 allocs/op
BenchmarkDecoderSilesiaCgo-8                       6     197666567 ns/op    1072.25 MB/s      270672 B/op          8 allocs/op

BenchmarkDecoderEnwik9-8                           1    2027001600 ns/op     493.34 MB/s       10496 B/op         18 allocs/op
BenchmarkDecoderEnwik9Cgo-8                        2     979499200 ns/op    1020.93 MB/s      270672 B/op          8 allocs/op

Concurrent performance:

BenchmarkDecoder_DecodeAllParallel/kppkn.gtb.zst-16                28915         42469 ns/op    4340.07 MB/s         114 B/op          0 allocs/op
BenchmarkDecoder_DecodeAllParallel/geo.protodata.zst-16           116505          9965 ns/op    11900.16 MB/s         16 B/op          0 allocs/op
BenchmarkDecoder_DecodeAllParallel/plrabn12.txt.zst-16              8952        134272 ns/op    3588.70 MB/s         915 B/op          0 allocs/op
BenchmarkDecoder_DecodeAllParallel/lcet10.txt.zst-16               11820        102538 ns/op    4161.90 MB/s         594 B/op          0 allocs/op
BenchmarkDecoder_DecodeAllParallel/asyoulik.txt.zst-16             34782         34184 ns/op    3661.88 MB/s          60 B/op          0 allocs/op
BenchmarkDecoder_DecodeAllParallel/alice29.txt.zst-16              27712         43447 ns/op    3500.58 MB/s          99 B/op          0 allocs/op
BenchmarkDecoder_DecodeAllParallel/html_x_4.zst-16                 62826         18750 ns/op    21845.10 MB/s        104 B/op          0 allocs/op
BenchmarkDecoder_DecodeAllParallel/paper-100k.pdf.zst-16          631545          1794 ns/op    57078.74 MB/s          2 B/op          0 allocs/op
BenchmarkDecoder_DecodeAllParallel/fireworks.jpeg.zst-16         1690140           712 ns/op    172938.13 MB/s         1 B/op          0 allocs/op
BenchmarkDecoder_DecodeAllParallel/urls.10K.zst-16                 10432        113593 ns/op    6180.73 MB/s        1143 B/op          0 allocs/op
BenchmarkDecoder_DecodeAllParallel/html.zst-16                    113206         10671 ns/op    9596.27 MB/s          15 B/op          0 allocs/op
BenchmarkDecoder_DecodeAllParallel/comp-data.bin.zst-16          1530615           779 ns/op    5229.49 MB/s           0 B/op          0 allocs/op

BenchmarkDecoder_DecodeAllParallelCgo/kppkn.gtb.zst-16             65217         16192 ns/op    11383.34 MB/s         46 B/op          0 allocs/op
BenchmarkDecoder_DecodeAllParallelCgo/geo.protodata.zst-16        292671          4039 ns/op    29363.19 MB/s          6 B/op          0 allocs/op
BenchmarkDecoder_DecodeAllParallelCgo/plrabn12.txt.zst-16          26314         46021 ns/op    10470.43 MB/s        293 B/op          0 allocs/op
BenchmarkDecoder_DecodeAllParallelCgo/lcet10.txt.zst-16            33897         34900 ns/op    12227.96 MB/s        205 B/op          0 allocs/op
BenchmarkDecoder_DecodeAllParallelCgo/asyoulik.txt.zst-16         104348         11433 ns/op    10949.01 MB/s         20 B/op          0 allocs/op
BenchmarkDecoder_DecodeAllParallelCgo/alice29.txt.zst-16           75949         15510 ns/op    9805.60 MB/s          32 B/op          0 allocs/op
BenchmarkDecoder_DecodeAllParallelCgo/html_x_4.zst-16             173910          6756 ns/op    60624.29 MB/s         37 B/op          0 allocs/op
BenchmarkDecoder_DecodeAllParallelCgo/paper-100k.pdf.zst-16       923076          1339 ns/op    76474.87 MB/s          1 B/op          0 allocs/op
BenchmarkDecoder_DecodeAllParallelCgo/fireworks.jpeg.zst-16       922920          1351 ns/op    91102.57 MB/s          2 B/op          0 allocs/op
BenchmarkDecoder_DecodeAllParallelCgo/urls.10K.zst-16              27649         43618 ns/op    16096.19 MB/s        407 B/op          0 allocs/op
BenchmarkDecoder_DecodeAllParallelCgo/html.zst-16                 279073          4160 ns/op    24614.18 MB/s          6 B/op          0 allocs/op
BenchmarkDecoder_DecodeAllParallelCgo/comp-data.bin.zst-16        749938          1579 ns/op    2581.71 MB/s           0 B/op          0 allocs/op

This reflects the performance around May 2020, but this may be out of date.

Contributions

Contributions are always welcome. For new features/fixes, remember to add tests and for performance enhancements include benchmarks.

For sending files for reproducing errors use a service like goobox or similar to share your files.

For general feedback and experience reports, feel free to open an issue or write me on Twitter.

Expand ▾ Collapse ▴

Documentation

Overview ¶

Package zstd provides decompression of zstandard files.

For advanced usage and examples, go to the README: https://github.com/klauspost/compress/tree/master/zstd#zstd

Index ¶

Constants
Variables
type DOption
type Decoder
- func NewReader(r io.Reader, opts ...DOption) (*Decoder, error)
type EOption
type Encoder
- func NewWriter(w io.Writer, opts ...EOption) (*Encoder, error)
type EncoderLevel
- func EncoderLevelFromString(s string) (bool, EncoderLevel)
- func EncoderLevelFromZstd(level int) EncoderLevel
- func (e EncoderLevel) String() string
type Header
- func (h *Header) Decode(in []byte) error
type SnappyConverter
- func (r *SnappyConverter) Convert(in io.Reader, w io.Writer) (int64, error)

Constants ¶

View Source

const (
	// The minimum Window_Size is 1 KB.
	MinWindowSize = 1 << 10
	MaxWindowSize = 1 << 29
)

View Source

const HeaderMaxSize = 14 + 3

HeaderMaxSize is the maximum size of a Frame and Block Header. If less is sent to Header.Decode it *may* still contain enough information.

Variables ¶

View Source

var (
	// ErrSnappyCorrupt reports that the input is invalid.
	ErrSnappyCorrupt = errors.New("snappy: corrupt input")
	// ErrSnappyTooLarge reports that the uncompressed length is too large.
	ErrSnappyTooLarge = errors.New("snappy: decoded block is too large")
	// ErrSnappyUnsupported reports that the input isn't supported.
	ErrSnappyUnsupported = errors.New("snappy: unsupported input")
)

View Source

var (
	// ErrReservedBlockType is returned when a reserved block type is found.
	// Typically this indicates wrong or corrupted input.
	ErrReservedBlockType = errors.New("invalid input: reserved block type encountered")

	// ErrCompressedSizeTooBig is returned when a block is bigger than allowed.
	// Typically this indicates wrong or corrupted input.
	ErrCompressedSizeTooBig = errors.New("invalid input: compressed size too big")

	// ErrBlockTooSmall is returned when a block is too small to be decoded.
	// Typically returned on invalid input.
	ErrBlockTooSmall = errors.New("block too small")

	// ErrMagicMismatch is returned when a "magic" number isn't what is expected.
	// Typically this indicates wrong or corrupted input.
	ErrMagicMismatch = errors.New("invalid input: magic number mismatch")

	// ErrWindowSizeExceeded is returned when a reference exceeds the valid window size.
	// Typically this indicates wrong or corrupted input.
	ErrWindowSizeExceeded = errors.New("window size exceeded")

	// ErrWindowSizeTooSmall is returned when no window size is specified.
	// Typically this indicates wrong or corrupted input.
	ErrWindowSizeTooSmall = errors.New("invalid input: window size was too small")

	// ErrDecoderSizeExceeded is returned if decompressed size exceeds the configured limit.
	ErrDecoderSizeExceeded = errors.New("decompressed size exceeds configured limit")

	// ErrUnknownDictionary is returned if the dictionary ID is unknown.
	// For the time being dictionaries are not supported.
	ErrUnknownDictionary = errors.New("unknown dictionary")

	// ErrFrameSizeExceeded is returned if the stated frame size is exceeded.
	// This is only returned if SingleSegment is specified on the frame.
	ErrFrameSizeExceeded = errors.New("frame size exceeded")

	// ErrCRCMismatch is returned if CRC mismatches.
	ErrCRCMismatch = errors.New("CRC check failed")

	// ErrDecoderClosed will be returned if the Decoder was used after
	// Close has been called.
	ErrDecoderClosed = errors.New("decoder used after Close")

	// ErrDecoderNilInput is returned when a nil Reader was provided
	// and an operation other than Reset/DecodeAll/Close was attempted.
	ErrDecoderNilInput = errors.New("nil input provided as reader")
)

Functions ¶

This section is empty.

Types ¶

type DOption ¶

type DOption func(*decoderOptions) error

DOption is an option for creating a decoder.

func WithDecoderConcurrency ¶

func WithDecoderConcurrency(n int) DOption

WithDecoderConcurrency will set the concurrency, meaning the maximum number of decoders to run concurrently. The value supplied must be at least 1. By default this will be set to GOMAXPROCS.

func WithDecoderDicts ¶

func WithDecoderDicts(dicts ...[]byte) DOption

WithDecoderDicts allows to register one or more dictionaries for the decoder. If several dictionaries with the same ID is provided the last one will be used.

func WithDecoderLowmem ¶

func WithDecoderLowmem(b bool) DOption

WithDecoderLowmem will set whether to use a lower amount of memory, but possibly have to allocate more while running.

func WithDecoderMaxMemory ¶

func WithDecoderMaxMemory(n uint64) DOption

WithDecoderMaxMemory allows to set a maximum decoded size for in-memory non-streaming operations or maximum window size for streaming operations. This can be used to control memory usage of potentially hostile content. For streaming operations, the maximum window size is capped at 1<<30 bytes. Maximum and default is 1 << 63 bytes.

type Decoder ¶

type Decoder struct {
	// contains filtered or unexported fields
}

Decoder provides decoding of zstandard streams. The decoder has been designed to operate without allocations after a warmup. This means that you should store the decoder for best performance. To re-use a stream decoder, use the Reset(r io.Reader) error to switch to another stream. A decoder can safely be re-used even if the previous stream failed. To release the resources, you must call the Close() function on a decoder.

func NewReader ¶

func NewReader(r io.Reader, opts ...DOption) (*Decoder, error)

NewReader creates a new decoder. A nil Reader can be provided in which case Reset can be used to start a decode.

A Decoder can be used in two modes:

1) As a stream, or 2) For stateless decoding using DecodeAll.

Only a single stream can be decoded concurrently, but the same decoder can run multiple concurrent stateless decodes. It is even possible to use stateless decodes while a stream is being decoded.

The Reset function can be used to initiate a new stream, which is will considerably reduce the allocations normally caused by NewReader.

func (*Decoder) Close ¶

func (d *Decoder) Close()

Close will release all resources. It is NOT possible to reuse the decoder after this.

func (*Decoder) DecodeAll ¶

func (d *Decoder) DecodeAll(input, dst []byte) ([]byte, error)

DecodeAll allows stateless decoding of a blob of bytes. Output will be appended to dst, so if the destination size is known you can pre-allocate the destination slice to avoid allocations. DecodeAll can be used concurrently. The Decoder concurrency limits will be respected.

func (*Decoder) IOReadCloser ¶

func (d *Decoder) IOReadCloser() io.ReadCloser

IOReadCloser returns the decoder as an io.ReadCloser for convenience. Any changes to the decoder will be reflected, so the returned ReadCloser can be reused along with the decoder. io.WriterTo is also supported by the returned ReadCloser.

func (*Decoder) Read ¶

func (d *Decoder) Read(p []byte) (int, error)

Read bytes from the decompressed stream into p. Returns the number of bytes written and any error that occurred. When the stream is done, io.EOF will be returned.

func (*Decoder) Reset ¶

func (d *Decoder) Reset(r io.Reader) error

Reset will reset the decoder the supplied stream after the current has finished processing. Note that this functionality cannot be used after Close has been called. Reset can be called with a nil reader to release references to the previous reader. After being called with a nil reader, no other operations than Reset or DecodeAll or Close should be used.

func (*Decoder) WriteTo ¶

func (d *Decoder) WriteTo(w io.Writer) (int64, error)

WriteTo writes data to w until there's no more data to write or when an error occurs. The return value n is the number of bytes written. Any error encountered during the write is also returned.

type EOption ¶

type EOption func(*encoderOptions) error

EOption is an option for creating a encoder.

func WithAllLitEntropyCompression ¶

func WithAllLitEntropyCompression(b bool) EOption

WithAllLitEntropyCompression will apply entropy compression if no matches are found. Disabling this will skip incompressible data faster, but in cases with no matches but skewed character distribution compression is lost. Default value depends on the compression level selected.

func WithEncoderCRC ¶

func WithEncoderCRC(b bool) EOption

WithEncoderCRC will add CRC value to output. Output will be 4 bytes larger.

func WithEncoderConcurrency ¶

func WithEncoderConcurrency(n int) EOption

WithEncoderConcurrency will set the concurrency, meaning the maximum number of decoders to run concurrently. The value supplied must be at least 1. By default this will be set to GOMAXPROCS.

func WithEncoderDict ¶

func WithEncoderDict(dict []byte) EOption

WithEncoderDict allows to register a dictionary that will be used for the encode. The encoder *may* choose to use no dictionary instead for certain payloads.

func WithEncoderLevel ¶

func WithEncoderLevel(l EncoderLevel) EOption

WithEncoderLevel specifies a predefined compression level.

func WithEncoderPadding ¶

func WithEncoderPadding(n int) EOption

WithEncoderPadding will add padding to all output so the size will be a multiple of n. This can be used to obfuscate the exact output size or make blocks of a certain size. The contents will be a skippable frame, so it will be invisible by the decoder. n must be > 0 and <= 1GB, 1<<30 bytes. The padded area will be filled with data from crypto/rand.Reader. If `EncodeAll` is used with data already in the destination, the total size will be multiple of this.

func WithNoEntropyCompression ¶

func WithNoEntropyCompression(b bool) EOption

WithNoEntropyCompression will always skip entropy compression of literals. This can be useful if content has matches, but unlikely to benefit from entropy compression. Usually the slight speed improvement is not worth enabling this.

func WithSingleSegment ¶

func WithSingleSegment(b bool) EOption

WithSingleSegment will set the "single segment" flag when EncodeAll is used. If this flag is set, data must be regenerated within a single continuous memory segment. In this case, Window_Descriptor byte is skipped, but Frame_Content_Size is necessarily present. As a consequence, the decoder must allocate a memory segment of size equal or larger than size of your content. In order to preserve the decoder from unreasonable memory requirements, a decoder is allowed to reject a compressed frame which requests a memory size beyond decoder's authorized range. For broader compatibility, decoders are recommended to support memory sizes of at least 8 MB. This is only a recommendation, each decoder is free to support higher or lower limits, depending on local limitations. If this is not specified, block encodes will automatically choose this based on the input size. This setting has no effect on streamed encodes.

func WithWindowSize ¶

func WithWindowSize(n int) EOption

WithWindowSize will set the maximum allowed back-reference distance. The value must be a power of two between MinWindowSize and MaxWindowSize. A larger value will enable better compression but allocate more memory and, for above-default values, take considerably longer. The default value is determined by the compression level.

func WithZeroFrames ¶

func WithZeroFrames(b bool) EOption

WithZeroFrames will encode 0 length input as full frames. This can be needed for compatibility with zstandard usage, but is not needed for this package.

type Encoder ¶

type Encoder struct {
	// contains filtered or unexported fields
}

Encoder provides encoding to Zstandard. An Encoder can be used for either compressing a stream via the io.WriteCloser interface supported by the Encoder or as multiple independent tasks via the EncodeAll function. Smaller encodes are encouraged to use the EncodeAll function. Use NewWriter to create a new instance.

func NewWriter ¶

func NewWriter(w io.Writer, opts ...EOption) (*Encoder, error)

NewWriter will create a new Zstandard encoder. If the encoder will be used for encoding blocks a nil writer can be used.

func (*Encoder) Close ¶

func (e *Encoder) Close() error

Close will flush the final output and close the stream. The function will block until everything has been written. The Encoder can still be re-used after calling this.

func (*Encoder) EncodeAll ¶

func (e *Encoder) EncodeAll(src, dst []byte) []byte

EncodeAll will encode all input in src and append it to dst. This function can be called concurrently, but each call will only run on a single goroutine. If empty input is given, nothing is returned, unless WithZeroFrames is specified. Encoded blocks can be concatenated and the result will be the combined input stream. Data compressed with EncodeAll can be decoded with the Decoder, using either a stream or DecodeAll.

func (*Encoder) Flush ¶

func (e *Encoder) Flush() error

Flush will send the currently written data to output and block until everything has been written. This should only be used on rare occasions where pushing the currently queued data is critical.

func (*Encoder) ReadFrom ¶

func (e *Encoder) ReadFrom(r io.Reader) (n int64, err error)

ReadFrom reads data from r until EOF or error. The return value n is the number of bytes read. Any error except io.EOF encountered during the read is also returned.

The Copy function uses ReaderFrom if available.

func (*Encoder) Reset ¶

func (e *Encoder) Reset(w io.Writer)

Reset will re-initialize the writer and new writes will encode to the supplied writer as a new, independent stream.

func (*Encoder) Write ¶

func (e *Encoder) Write(p []byte) (n int, err error)

Write data to the encoder. Input data will be buffered and as the buffer fills up content will be compressed and written to the output. When done writing, use Close to flush the remaining output and write CRC if requested.

type EncoderLevel ¶

type EncoderLevel int

EncoderLevel predefines encoder compression levels. Only use the constants made available, since the actual mapping of these values are very likely to change and your compression could change unpredictably when upgrading the library.

const (

	// SpeedFastest will choose the fastest reasonable compression.
	// This is roughly equivalent to the fastest Zstandard mode.
	SpeedFastest EncoderLevel

	// SpeedDefault is the default "pretty fast" compression option.
	// This is roughly equivalent to the default Zstandard mode (level 3).
	SpeedDefault

	// SpeedBetterCompression will yield better compression than the default.
	// Currently it is about zstd level 7-8 with ~ 2x-3x the default CPU usage.
	// By using this, notice that CPU usage may go up in the future.
	SpeedBetterCompression

	// SpeedBestCompression will choose the best available compression option.
	// This will offer the best compression no matter the CPU cost.
	SpeedBestCompression
)

func EncoderLevelFromString ¶

func EncoderLevelFromString(s string) (bool, EncoderLevel)

EncoderLevelFromString will convert a string representation of an encoding level back to a compression level. The compare is not case sensitive. If the string wasn't recognized, (false, SpeedDefault) will be returned.

func EncoderLevelFromZstd ¶

func EncoderLevelFromZstd(level int) EncoderLevel

EncoderLevelFromZstd will return an encoder level that closest matches the compression ratio of a specific zstd compression level. Many input values will provide the same compression level.

func (EncoderLevel) String ¶

func (e EncoderLevel) String() string

String provides a string representation of the compression level.

type Header ¶

type Header struct {
	// Window Size the window of data to keep while decoding.
	// Will only be set if HasFCS is false.
	WindowSize uint64

	// Frame content size.
	// Expected size of the entire frame.
	FrameContentSize uint64

	// Dictionary ID.
	// If 0, no dictionary.
	DictionaryID uint32

	// First block information.
	FirstBlock struct {
		// OK will be set if first block could be decoded.
		OK bool

		// Is this the last block of a frame?
		Last bool

		// Is the data compressed?
		// If true CompressedSize will be populated.
		// Unfortunately DecompressedSize cannot be determined
		// without decoding the blocks.
		Compressed bool

		// DecompressedSize is the expected decompressed size of the block.
		// Will be 0 if it cannot be determined.
		DecompressedSize int

		// CompressedSize of the data in the block.
		// Does not include the block header.
		// Will be equal to DecompressedSize if not Compressed.
		CompressedSize int
	}

	// Skippable will be true if the frame is meant to be skipped.
	// No other information will be populated.
	Skippable bool

	// If set there is a checksum present for the block content.
	HasCheckSum bool

	// If this is true FrameContentSize will have a valid value
	HasFCS bool

	SingleSegment bool
}

Header contains information about the first frame and block within that.

func (h *Header) Decode(in []byte) error

Decode the header from the beginning of the stream. This will decode the frame header and the first block header if enough bytes are provided. It is recommended to provide at least HeaderMaxSize bytes. If the frame header cannot be read an error will be returned. If there isn't enough input, io.ErrUnexpectedEOF is returned. The FirstBlock.OK will indicate if enough information was available to decode the first block header.

type SnappyConverter ¶

type SnappyConverter struct {
	// contains filtered or unexported fields
}

SnappyConverter can read SnappyConverter-compressed streams and convert them to zstd. Conversion is done by converting the stream directly from Snappy without intermediate full decoding. Therefore the compression ratio is much less than what can be done by a full decompression and compression, and a faulty Snappy stream may lead to a faulty Zstandard stream without any errors being generated. No CRC value is being generated and not all CRC values of the Snappy stream are checked. However, it provides really fast recompression of Snappy streams. The converter can be reused to avoid allocations, even after errors.

func (*SnappyConverter) Convert ¶

func (r *SnappyConverter) Convert(in io.Reader, w io.Writer) (int64, error)

Convert the Snappy stream supplied in 'in' and write the zStandard stream to 'w'. If any error is detected on the Snappy stream it is returned. The number of bytes written is returned.

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zstd

Installation

Compressor

Status:

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Performance

Decompressor

Usage

Dictionaries

Allocation-less operation

Concurrency

Benchmarks

Contributions

Documentation

Overview ¶

Index ¶

Constants ¶

Variables ¶

Functions ¶

Types ¶

type DOption ¶

func WithDecoderConcurrency ¶

func WithDecoderDicts ¶

func WithDecoderLowmem ¶

func WithDecoderMaxMemory ¶

type Decoder ¶

func NewReader ¶

func (*Decoder) Close ¶

func (*Decoder) DecodeAll ¶

func (*Decoder) IOReadCloser ¶

func (*Decoder) Read ¶

func (*Decoder) Reset ¶

func (*Decoder) WriteTo ¶

type EOption ¶

func WithAllLitEntropyCompression ¶

func WithEncoderCRC ¶

func WithEncoderConcurrency ¶

func WithEncoderDict ¶

func WithEncoderLevel ¶

func WithEncoderPadding ¶

func WithNoEntropyCompression ¶

func WithSingleSegment ¶

func WithWindowSize ¶

func WithZeroFrames ¶

type Encoder ¶

func NewWriter ¶

func (*Encoder) Close ¶

func (*Encoder) EncodeAll ¶

func (*Encoder) Flush ¶

func (*Encoder) ReadFrom ¶

func (*Encoder) Reset ¶

func (*Encoder) Write ¶

type EncoderLevel ¶

func EncoderLevelFromString ¶

func EncoderLevelFromZstd ¶

func (EncoderLevel) String ¶

type Header ¶

func (*Header) Decode ¶

type SnappyConverter ¶

func (*SnappyConverter) Convert ¶

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