ethereum

README

Erigon

Erigon was originally called Turbo-Geth, a fork of Go-Ethereum with focus on performance. Now it a very different product.

• System Requirements
• Usage
  • Getting Started
  • Testnets
  • Mining
  • Windows
  • GoDoc
• Key features
  • More Efficient State Storage
  • Faster Initial Sync
  • JSON-RPC daemon
  • Run all components by docker-compose
  • Grafana dashboard
• Getting in touch
  • Turbo-Geth Discord Server
  • Reporting security issues/concerns
  • Team
• Known issues
  • htop shows incorrect memory usage

NB! In-depth links are marked by the microscope sign (🔬)

Disclaimer: this software is currenly a tech preview. We will do our best to keep it stable and make no breaking changes but we don't guarantee anything. Things can and will break.

The current version is currently based on Go-Ethereum 1.10.1

System Requirements

Recommend 2Tb storage space on a single partition: 1Tb state, 200GB temp files (can symlink or mount folder <datadir>/etl-tmp to another disk).

RAM: 16GB, 64-bit architecture, Golang version >= 1.16

🔬 more info on disk storage is here)

Usage

Getting Started

> git clone --recurse-submodules -j8 https://github.com/ledgerwatch/turbo-geth.git
> cd turbo-geth
> make tg
> ./build/bin/tg

Testnets

If you would like to give turbo-geth a try, but do not have spare 2Tb on your driver, a good option is to start syncing one of the public testnets, Görli. It syncs much quicker, and does not take so much disk space:

> git clone --recurse-submodules -j8 https://github.com/ledgerwatch/turbo-geth.git
> cd turbo-geth
> make tg
> ./build/bin/tg --datadir goerli --chain goerli

Please note the --datadir option that allows you to store turbo-geth files in a non-default location, in this example, in goerli subdirectory of the current directory. Name of the directory --datadir does not have to match the name if the chain in --chain.

Mining

Support only remote-miners.

• To enable, add --mine --miner.etherbase=... or --mine --miner.miner.sigkey=... flags.
• Other supported options: --miner.extradata, --miner.notify, --miner.gaslimit, --miner.gasprice , --miner.gastarget
• RPCDaemon supports methods: eth_coinbase , eth_hashrate, eth_mining, eth_getWork, eth_submitWork, eth_submitHashrate
• RPCDaemon supports websocket methods: newPendingTransaction
• TODO:
  • we don't broadcast mined blocks to p2p-network yet, but it's easy to accomplish
  • eth_newPendingTransactionFilter
  • eth_newBlockFilter
  • eth_newFilter
  • websocket Logs

🔬 Detailed mining explanation is here.

Windows

Windows users may run turbo-geth in 3 possible ways:

• Build tg binaries natively for Windows : while this method is possible we still lack a fully automated build process thus, at the moment, is not to be preferred. Besides there's also a caveat which might cause your experience with TG as native on Windows uncomfortable: data file allocation is fixed so you need to know in advance how much space you want to allocate for database file using the option --lmdb.mapSize

• Use Docker : see docker-compose.yml

• Use WSL (Windows Subsystem for Linux) : You can easily install WSL following this quickstart guide. Is also suggested the reading of interoperability amongst Windows and Linux work. Once your WSL environment is ready with your preferred Kernel distribution (for this document we assume you've choosen Ubuntu) proceed to install (in the linux subsystem) the required components:

> sudo apt install build-essential git golang golang-go

Once this last step is completed you can run tg as if you were on Linux as described the Usage section.

Note : WSL native filesystem is set to reside in the same partition of Windows' system partition (usually C:). Unless this is the only partition of your system is advisable to have TG store its data in a different partition. Say your Windows system has a secondary partition D: WSL environment sees this partition as /mnt/dso to have TG store its data there you will haave to launch TG as

> ./tg --datadir /mnt/d/[<optional-subfolder>/]

Key features

🔬 See more detailed overview of functionality and current limitations. It is being updated on recurring basis.

More Efficient State Storage

Flat KV storage. Turbo-Geth uses a key-value database and storing accounts and storage in a simple way.

🔬 See our detailed DB walkthrough here.

Preprocessing. For some operations, turbo-geth uses temporary files to preprocess data before inserting it into the main DB. That reduces write amplification and DB inserts are orders of magnitude quicker.

🔬 See our detailed ETL explanation here.

Plain state.

Single accounts/state trie. Turbo-Geth uses a single Merkle trie for both accounts and the storage.

Faster Initial Sync

Turbo-Geth uses a rearchitected full sync algorithm from Go-Ethereum that is split into "stages".

🔬 See more detailed explanation in the Staged Sync Readme

It uses the same network primitives and is compatible with regular go-ethereum nodes that are using full sync, you do not need any special sync capabilities for turbo-geth to sync.

When reimagining the full sync, we focused on batching data together and minimize DB overwrites. That makes it possible to sync Ethereum mainnet in under 2 days if you have a fast enough network connection and an SSD drive.

Examples of stages are:

• Downloading headers;

• Downloading block bodies;

• Executing blocks;

• Validating root hashes and building intermediate hashes for the state Merkle trie;

• And more...

JSON-RPC daemon

In turbo-geth RPC calls are extracted out of the main binary into a separate daemon. This daemon can use both local or remote DBs. That means, that this RPC daemon doesn't have to be running on the same machine as the main turbo-geth binary or it can run from a snapshot of a database for read-only calls.

🔬 See RPC-Daemon docs

For local DB

This is only possible if RPC daemon runs on the same computer as turbo-geth. This mode of operation uses shared memory access to the database of turbo-geth, which is reported to have better performance than accessing via TPC socket (see "For remote DB" section below)

> make rpcdaemon
> ./build/bin/rpcdaemon --datadir ~/Library/TurboGeth/ --http.api=eth,debug,net

In this mode, some RPC API methods do not work. Please see "For dual mode" section below on how to fix that.

For remote DB

This works regardless of whether RPC daemon is on the same computer with turbo-geth, or on a different one. They use TPC socket connection to pass data between them. To use this mode, run turbo-geth in one terminal window

> ./build/bin/tg --private.api.addr=localhost:9090

Run RPC daemon

> ./build/bin/rpcdaemon --private.api.addr=localhost:9090 --http.api=eth,debug,net

gRPC ports: 9090 TG, 9091 sentry, 9092 consensus engine, 9093 snapshot downloader, 9094 TxPool

For dual mode

If both --datadir and --private.api.addr options are used for RPC daemon, it works in a "dual" mode. This only works when RPC daemon is on the same computer as turbo-geth. In this mode, most data transfer from turbo-geth to RPC daemon happens via shared memory, only certain things (like new header notifications) happen via TPC socket.

Supported JSON-RPC calls (eth, debug, net, web3):

For a details on the implementation status of each command, see this table.

Run all components by docker-compose

Next command starts: turbo-geth on port 30303, rpcdaemon 8545, prometheus 9090, grafana 3000

docker-compose build
XDG_DATA_HOME=/preferred/data/folder docker-compose up

Grafana dashboard

docker-compose up prometheus grafana, detailed docs.

Getting in touch

Turbo-Geth Discord Server

The main discussions are happening on our Discord server. To get an invite, send an email to tg [at] torquem.ch with your name, occupation, a brief explanation of why you want to join the Discord, and how you heard about Turbo-Geth.

Reporting security issues/concerns

Send an email to security [at] torquem.ch.

Team

Core contributors:

• Alexey Akhunov (@realLedgerwatch)

• Alex Sharov (AskAlexSharov)

• Andrew Ashikhmin (yperbasis)

• Boris Petrov (b00ris)

• Eugene Danilenko (JekaMas)

• Igor Mandrigin (@mandrigin)

• Giulio Rebuffo

• Thomas Jay Rush (@tjayrush)

Thanks to:

• All contributors of Turbo-Geth

• All contributors of Go-Ethereum

• Our special respect and graditude is to the core team of Go-Ethereum. Keep up the great job!

Happy testing! 🥤

Known issues

htop shows incorrect memory usage

TurboGeth's internal DB (LMDB) using MemoryMap - when OS does manage all read, write, cache operations instead of Application (linux, windows)

htop on column res shows memory of "App + OS used to hold page cache for given App", but it's not informative, because if htop says that app using 90% of memory you still can run 3 more instances of app on the same machine - because most of that 90% is "OS pages cache".
OS automatically free this cache any time it needs memory. Smaller "page cache size" may not impact performance of TurboGeth at all.

Next tools show correct memory usage of TurboGeth:

• vmmap -summary PID | grep -i "Physical footprint". Without grep you can see details - section MALLOC ZONE column Resident Size shows App memory usage, section REGION TYPE column Resident Size shows OS pages cache size.
• Prometheus dashboard shows memory of Go app without OS pages cache (make prometheus, open in browser localhost:3000, credentials admin/admin)
• cat /proc/<PID>/smaps

TurboGeth uses ~4Gb of RAM during genesis sync and < 1Gb during normal work. OS pages cache can utilize unlimited amount of memory.

Warning: Multiple instances of TG on same machine will touch Disk concurrently, it impacts performance - one of main TG optimisations: "reduce Disk random access". "Blocks Execution stage" still does much random reads - this is reason why it's slowest stage. We do not recommend run multiple genesis syncs on same Disk. If genesis sync passed, then it's fine to run multiple TG on same Disk.

Blocks Execution is slow on cloud-network-drives

Please read https://github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon/issues/1516#issuecomment-811958891 In short: network-disks are bad for blocks execution - because blocks execution reading data from db non-parallel non-batched way.

Documentation

Overview

Package ethereum defines interfaces for interacting with Ethereum.

Index

• Variables
• type CallMsg
• type ChainReader
• type ChainStateReader
• type ChainSyncReader
• type ContractCaller
• type FilterQuery
• type GasEstimator
• type GasPricer
• type LogFilterer
• type PendingContractCaller
• type PendingStateEventer
• type PendingStateReader
• type Subscription
• type SyncProgress
• type TransactionReader
• type TransactionSender

Variables

var NotFound = errors.New("not found")

NotFound is returned by API methods if the requested item does not exist.

Types

type CallMsg

type CallMsg struct {
	From     common.Address  // the sender of the 'transaction'
	To       *common.Address // the destination contract (nil for contract creation)
	Gas      uint64          // if 0, the call executes with near-infinite gas
	GasPrice *uint256.Int    // wei <-> gas exchange ratio
	Value    *uint256.Int    // amount of wei sent along with the call
	Data     []byte          // input data, usually an ABI-encoded contract method invocation

	FeeCap     *uint256.Int     // EIP-1559 fee cap per gas.
	Tip        *uint256.Int     // EIP-1559 tip per gas.
	AccessList types.AccessList // EIP-2930 access list.
}

CallMsg contains parameters for contract calls.

type ChainReader

type ChainReader interface {
	BlockByHash(ctx context.Context, hash common.Hash) (*types.Block, error)
	BlockByNumber(ctx context.Context, number *big.Int) (*types.Block, error)
	HeaderByHash(ctx context.Context, hash common.Hash) (*types.Header, error)
	HeaderByNumber(ctx context.Context, number *big.Int) (*types.Header, error)
	TransactionCount(ctx context.Context, blockHash common.Hash) (uint, error)
	TransactionInBlock(ctx context.Context, blockHash common.Hash, index uint) (*types.Transaction, error)

	// This method subscribes to notifications about changes of the head block of
	// the canonical chain.
	SubscribeNewHead(ctx context.Context, ch chan<- *types.Header) (Subscription, error)
}

ChainReader provides access to the blockchain. The methods in this interface access raw data from either the canonical chain (when requesting by block number) or any blockchain fork that was previously downloaded and processed by the node. The block number argument can be nil to select the latest canonical block. Reading block headers should be preferred over full blocks whenever possible.

The returned error is NotFound if the requested item does not exist.

type ChainStateReader

type ChainStateReader interface {
	BalanceAt(ctx context.Context, account common.Address, blockNumber *big.Int) (*big.Int, error)
	StorageAt(ctx context.Context, account common.Address, key common.Hash, blockNumber *big.Int) ([]byte, error)
	CodeAt(ctx context.Context, account common.Address, blockNumber *big.Int) ([]byte, error)
	NonceAt(ctx context.Context, account common.Address, blockNumber *big.Int) (uint64, error)
}

ChainStateReader wraps access to the state trie of the canonical blockchain. Note that implementations of the interface may be unable to return state values for old blocks. In many cases, using CallContract can be preferable to reading raw contract storage.

type ChainSyncReader

type ChainSyncReader interface {
	SyncProgress(ctx context.Context) (*SyncProgress, error)
}

ChainSyncReader wraps access to the node's current sync status. If there's no sync currently running, it returns nil.

type ContractCaller

type ContractCaller interface {
	CallContract(ctx context.Context, call CallMsg, blockNumber *big.Int) ([]byte, error)
}

A ContractCaller provides contract calls, essentially transactions that are executed by the EVM but not mined into the blockchain. ContractCall is a low-level method to execute such calls. For applications which are structured around specific contracts, the abigen tool provides a nicer, properly typed way to perform calls.

type FilterQuery

type FilterQuery struct {
	BlockHash *common.Hash     // used by eth_getLogs, return logs only from block with this hash
	FromBlock *big.Int         // beginning of the queried range, nil means genesis block
	ToBlock   *big.Int         // end of the range, nil means latest block
	Addresses []common.Address // restricts matches to events created by specific contracts

	// The Topic list restricts matches to particular event topics. Each event has a list
	// of topics. Topics matches a prefix of that list. An empty element slice matches any
	// topic. Non-empty elements represent an alternative that matches any of the
	// contained topics.
	//
	// Examples:
	// {} or nil          matches any topic list
	// {{A}}              matches topic A in first position
	// {{}, {B}}          matches any topic in first position AND B in second position
	// {{A}, {B}}         matches topic A in first position AND B in second position
	// {{A, B}, {C, D}}   matches topic (A OR B) in first position AND (C OR D) in second position
	Topics [][]common.Hash
}

FilterQuery contains options for contract log filtering.

type GasEstimator

type GasEstimator interface {
	EstimateGas(ctx context.Context, call CallMsg) (uint64, error)
}

GasEstimator wraps EstimateGas, which tries to estimate the gas needed to execute a specific transaction based on the pending state. There is no guarantee that this is the true gas limit requirement as other transactions may be added or removed by miners, but it should provide a basis for setting a reasonable default.

type GasPricer

type GasPricer interface {
	SuggestGasPrice(ctx context.Context) (*big.Int, error)
}

GasPricer wraps the gas price oracle, which monitors the blockchain to determine the optimal gas price given current fee market conditions.

type LogFilterer

type LogFilterer interface {
	FilterLogs(ctx context.Context, q FilterQuery) ([]types.Log, error)
	SubscribeFilterLogs(ctx context.Context, q FilterQuery, ch chan<- types.Log) (Subscription, error)
}

LogFilterer provides access to contract log events using a one-off query or continuous event subscription.

Logs received through a streaming query subscription may have Removed set to true, indicating that the log was reverted due to a chain reorganisation.

type PendingContractCaller

type PendingContractCaller interface {
	PendingCallContract(ctx context.Context, call CallMsg) ([]byte, error)
}

PendingContractCaller can be used to perform calls against the pending state.

type PendingStateEventer

type PendingStateEventer interface {
	SubscribePendingTransactions(ctx context.Context, ch chan<- *types.Transaction) (Subscription, error)
}

A PendingStateEventer provides access to real time notifications about changes to the pending state.

type PendingStateReader

type PendingStateReader interface {
	PendingBalanceAt(ctx context.Context, account common.Address) (*big.Int, error)
	PendingStorageAt(ctx context.Context, account common.Address, key common.Hash) ([]byte, error)
	PendingCodeAt(ctx context.Context, account common.Address) ([]byte, error)
	PendingNonceAt(ctx context.Context, account common.Address) (uint64, error)
	PendingTransactionCount(ctx context.Context) (uint, error)
}

A PendingStateReader provides access to the pending state, which is the result of all known executable transactions which have not yet been included in the blockchain. It is commonly used to display the result of ’unconfirmed’ actions (e.g. wallet value transfers) initiated by the user. The PendingNonceAt operation is a good way to retrieve the next available transaction nonce for a specific account.

type Subscription

type Subscription interface {
	// Unsubscribe cancels the sending of events to the data channel
	// and closes the error channel.
	Unsubscribe()
	// Err returns the subscription error channel. The error channel receives
	// a value if there is an issue with the subscription (e.g. the network connection
	// delivering the events has been closed). Only one value will ever be sent.
	// The error channel is closed by Unsubscribe.
	Err() <-chan error
}

Subscription represents an event subscription where events are delivered on a data channel.

type SyncProgress

type SyncProgress struct {
	StartingBlock uint64 // Block number where sync began
	CurrentBlock  uint64 // Current block number where sync is at
	HighestBlock  uint64 // Highest alleged block number in the chain
	PulledStates  uint64 // Number of state trie entries already downloaded
	KnownStates   uint64 // Total number of state trie entries known about
}

SyncProgress gives progress indications when the node is synchronising with the Ethereum network.

type TransactionReader

type TransactionReader interface {
	// TransactionByHash checks the pool of pending transactions in addition to the
	// blockchain. The isPending return value indicates whether the transaction has been
	// mined yet. Note that the transaction may not be part of the canonical chain even if
	// it's not pending.
	TransactionByHash(ctx context.Context, txHash common.Hash) (tx *types.Transaction, isPending bool, err error)
	// TransactionReceipt returns the receipt of a mined transaction. Note that the
	// transaction may not be included in the current canonical chain even if a receipt
	// exists.
	TransactionReceipt(ctx context.Context, txHash common.Hash) (*types.Receipt, error)
}

TransactionReader provides access to past transactions and their receipts. Implementations may impose arbitrary restrictions on the transactions and receipts that can be retrieved. Historic transactions may not be available.

Avoid relying on this interface if possible. Contract logs (through the LogFilterer interface) are more reliable and usually safer in the presence of chain reorganisations.

The returned error is NotFound if the requested item does not exist.

type TransactionSender

type TransactionSender interface {
	SendTransaction(ctx context.Context, tx *types.Transaction) error
}

TransactionSender wraps transaction sending. The SendTransaction method injects a signed transaction into the pending transaction pool for execution. If the transaction was a contract creation, the TransactionReceipt method can be used to retrieve the contract address after the transaction has been mined.

The transaction must be signed and have a valid nonce to be included. Consumers of the API can use package accounts to maintain local private keys and need can retrieve the next available nonce using PendingNonceAt.