routing

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 Go to latest Published: Mar 1, 2018 License: BSD-3-Clause Imports: 9 Imported by: 0

README

fasthttp-routing

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Description

fasthttp-routing is a Go package that is adapted from ozzo-routing to provide fast and powerful routing features for the high-performance fasthttp server. The package has the following features:

  • middleware pipeline architecture, similar to that of the Express framework.
  • extremely fast request routing with zero dynamic memory allocation
  • modular code organization through route grouping
  • flexible URL path matching, supporting URL parameters and regular expressions
  • URL creation according to the predefined routes

Requirements

Go 1.5 or above.

Installation

Run the following command to install the package:

go get github.com/qiangxue/fasthttp-routing

Getting Started

Create a server.go file with the following content:

package main

import (
	"fmt"

	"github.com/qiangxue/fasthttp-routing"
	"github.com/valyala/fasthttp"
)

func main() {
	router := routing.New()
	
	router.Get("/", func(c *routing.Context) error {
		fmt.Fprintf(c, "Hello, world!")
		return nil
	})
	
	panic(fasthttp.ListenAndServe(":8080", router.HandleRequest))
}

Now run the following command to start the Web server:

go run server.go

You should be able to access URLs such as http://localhost:8080.

Routes

ozzo-routing works by building a routing table in a router and then dispatching HTTP requests to the matching handlers found in the routing table. An intuitive illustration of a routing table is as follows:

Routes Handlers
GET /users m1, m2, h1, ...
POST /users m1, m2, h2, ...
PUT /users/<id> m1, m2, h3, ...
DELETE /users/<id> m1, m2, h4, ...

For an incoming request GET /users, the first route would match and the handlers m1, m2, and h1 would be executed. If the request is PUT /users/123, the third route would match and the corresponding handlers would be executed. Note that the token <id> can match any number of non-slash characters and the matching part can be accessed as a path parameter value in the handlers.

If an incoming request matches multiple routes in the table, the route added first to the table will take precedence. All other matching routes will be ignored.

The actual implementation of the routing table uses a variant of the radix tree data structure, which makes the routing process as fast as working with a hash table, thanks to the inspiration from httprouter.

To add a new route and its handlers to the routing table, call the To method like the following:

router := routing.New()
router.To("GET", "/users", m1, m2, h1)
router.To("POST", "/users", m1, m2, h2)

You can also use shortcut methods, such as Get, Post, Put, etc., which are named after the HTTP method names:

router.Get("/users", m1, m2, h1)
router.Post("/users", m1, m2, h2)

If you have multiple routes with the same URL path but different HTTP methods, like the above example, you can chain them together as follows,

router.Get("/users", m1, m2, h1).Post(m1, m2, h2)

If you want to use the same set of handlers to handle the same URL path but different HTTP methods, you can take the following shortcut:

router.To("GET,POST", "/users", m1, m2, h)

A route may contain parameter tokens which are in the format of <name:pattern>, where name stands for the parameter name, and pattern is a regular expression which the parameter value should match. A token <name> is equivalent to <name:[^/]*>, i.e., it matches any number of non-slash characters. At the end of a route, an asterisk character can be used to match any number of arbitrary characters. Below are some examples:

  • /users/<username>: matches /users/admin
  • /users/accnt-<id:\d+>: matches /users/accnt-123, but not /users/accnt-admin
  • /users/<username>/*: matches /users/admin/profile/address

When a URL path matches a route, the matching parameters on the URL path can be accessed via Context.Param():

router := routing.New()

router.Get("/users/<username>", func (c *routing.Context) error {
	fmt.Fprintf(c, "Name: %v", c.Param("username"))
	return nil
})
Route Groups

Route group is a way of grouping together the routes which have the same route prefix. The routes in a group also share the same handlers that are registered with the group via its Use method. For example,

router := routing.New()
api := router.Group("/api")
api.Use(m1, m2)
api.Get("/users", h1).Post(h2)
api.Put("/users/<id>", h3).Delete(h4)

The above /api route group establishes the following routing table:

Routes Handlers
GET /api/users m1, m2, h1, ...
POST /api/users m1, m2, h2, ...
PUT /api/users/<id> m1, m2, h3, ...
DELETE /api/users/<id> m1, m2, h4, ...

As you can see, all these routes have the same route prefix /api and the handlers m1 and m2. In other similar routing frameworks, the handlers registered with a route group are also called middlewares.

Route groups can be nested. That is, a route group can create a child group by calling the Group() method. The router serves as the top level route group. A child group inherits the handlers registered with its parent group. For example,

router := routing.New()
router.Use(m1)

api := router.Group("/api")
api.Use(m2)

users := group.Group("/users")
users.Use(m3)
users.Put("/<id>", h1)

Because the router serves as the parent of the api group which is the parent of the users group, the PUT /api/users/<id> route is associated with the handlers m1, m2, m3, and h1.

Router

Router manages the routing table and dispatches incoming requests to appropriate handlers. A router instance is created by calling the routing.New() method.

To hook up router with fasthttp, use the following code:

router := routing.New()
fasthttp.ListenAndServe(":8080", router.HandleRequest)
Handlers

A handler is a function with the signature func(*routing.Context) error. A handler is executed by the router if the incoming request URL path matches the route that the handler is associated with. Through the routing.Context parameter, you can access the request information in handlers.

A route may be associated with multiple handlers. These handlers will be executed in the order that they are registered to the route. The execution sequence can be terminated in the middle using one of the following two methods:

  • A handler returns an error: the router will skip the rest of the handlers and handle the returned error.
  • A handler calls Context.Abort(): the router will simply skip the rest of the handlers. There is no error to be handled.

A handler can call Context.Next() to explicitly execute the rest of the unexecuted handlers and take actions after they finish execution. For example, a response compression handler may start the output buffer, call Context.Next(), and then compress and send the output to response.

Context

For each incoming request, a routing.Context object is passed through the relevant handlers. Because routing.Context embeds fasthttp.RequestCtx, you can access all properties and methods provided by the latter.

Additionally, the Context.Param() method allows handlers to access the URL path parameters that match the current route. Using Context.Get() and Context.Set(), handlers can share data between each other. For example, an authentication handler can store the authenticated user identity by calling Context.Set(), and other handlers can retrieve back the identity information by calling Context.Get().

Context also provides a handy WriteData() method that can be used to write data of arbitrary type to the response. The WriteData() method can also be overridden (by replacement) to achieve more versatile response data writing.

Error Handling

A handler may return an error indicating some erroneous condition. Sometimes, a handler or the code it calls may cause a panic. Both should be handled properly to ensure best user experience. It is recommended that you use the fault.Recover handler or a similar error handler to handle these errors.

If an error is not handled by any handler, the router will handle it by calling its handleError() method which simply sets an appropriate HTTP status code and writes the error message to the response.

When an incoming request has no matching route, the router will call the handlers registered via the Router.NotFound() method. All the handlers registered via Router.Use() will also be called in advance. By default, the following two handlers are registered with Router.NotFound():

  • routing.MethodNotAllowedHandler: a handler that sends an Allow HTTP header indicating the allowed HTTP methods for a requested URL
  • routing.NotFoundHandler: a handler triggering 404 HTTP error

Documentation

Overview

Package routing provides high performance and powerful HTTP routing capabilities.

Example 
router := routing.New()

router.Use(
	// all these handlers are shared by every route
	access.Logger(log.Printf),
	slash.Remover(http.StatusMovedPermanently),
	fault.Recovery(log.Printf),
)

// serve RESTful APIs
api := router.Group("/api")
api.Use(
	// these handlers are shared by the routes in the api group only
	content.TypeNegotiator(content.JSON, content.XML),
)
api.Get("/users", func(c *routing.Context) error {
	return c.Write("user list")
})
api.Post("/users", func(c *routing.Context) error {
	return c.Write("create a new user")
})
api.Put(`/users/<id:\d+>`, func(c *routing.Context) error {
	return c.Write("update user " + c.Param("id"))
})

// serve index file
router.Get("/", file.Content("ui/index.html"))
// serve files under the "ui" subdirectory
router.Get("/*", file.Server(file.PathMap{
	"/": "/ui/",
}))

http.Handle("/", router)
http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil)

Output:

Index

Examples

Constants

This section is empty.

Variables

View Source 
var Methods = []string{
	"CONNECT",
	"DELETE",
	"GET",
	"HEAD",
	"OPTIONS",
	"PATCH",
	"POST",
	"PUT",
	"TRACE",
}

Methods lists all supported HTTP methods by Router.

Functions

func MethodNotAllowedHandler 

func MethodNotAllowedHandler(c *Context) error

MethodNotAllowedHandler handles the situation when a request has matching route without matching HTTP method. In this case, the handler will respond with an Allow HTTP header listing the allowed HTTP methods. Otherwise, the handler will do nothing and let the next handler (usually a NotFoundHandler) to handle the problem.

func NotFoundHandler 

func NotFoundHandler(*Context) error

NotFoundHandler returns a 404 HTTP error indicating a request has no matching route.

func Serialize 

func Serialize(data interface{}) (bytes []byte, err error)

Serialize converts the given data into a byte array. If the data is neither a byte array nor a string, it will call fmt.Sprint to convert it into a string.

Types

type Context 

type Context struct {
	*fasthttp.RequestCtx

	Serialize SerializeFunc // the function serializing the given data of arbitrary type into a byte array.
	// contains filtered or unexported fields
}

Context represents the contextual data and environment while processing an incoming HTTP request.

func (*Context) Abort 

func (c *Context) Abort()

Abort skips the rest of the handlers associated with the current route. Abort is normally used when a handler handles the request normally and wants to skip the rest of the handlers. If a handler wants to indicate an error condition, it should simply return the error without calling Abort.

func (*Context) Get 

func (c *Context) Get(name string) interface{}

Get returns the named data item previously registered with the context by calling Set. If the named data item cannot be found, nil will be returned.

func (*Context) Next 

func (c *Context) Next() error

Next calls the rest of the handlers associated with the current route. If any of these handlers returns an error, Next will return the error and skip the following handlers. Next is normally used when a handler needs to do some postprocessing after the rest of the handlers are executed.

func (*Context) Param 

func (c *Context) Param(name string) string

Param returns the named parameter value that is found in the URL path matching the current route. If the named parameter cannot be found, an empty string will be returned.

func (*Context) Router 

func (c *Context) Router() *Router

Router returns the Router that is handling the incoming HTTP request.

func (*Context) Set 

func (c *Context) Set(name string, value interface{})

Set stores the named data item in the context so that it can be retrieved later.

func (*Context) URL 

func (c *Context) URL(route string, pairs ...interface{}) string

URL creates a URL using the named route and the parameter values. The parameters should be given in the sequence of name1, value1, name2, value2, and so on. If a parameter in the route is not provided a value, the parameter token will remain in the resulting URL. Parameter values will be properly URL encoded. The method returns an empty string if the URL creation fails.

func (*Context) WriteData 

func (c *Context) WriteData(data interface{}) (err error)

WriteData writes the given data of arbitrary type to the response. The method calls the Serialize() method to convert the data into a byte array and then writes the byte array to the response.

type HTTPError 

type HTTPError interface {
	error
	// StatusCode returns the HTTP status code of the error
	StatusCode() int
}

HTTPError represents an HTTP error with HTTP status code and error message

func NewHTTPError 

func NewHTTPError(status int, message ...string) HTTPError

NewHTTPError creates a new HttpError instance. If the error message is not given, http.StatusText() will be called to generate the message based on the status code.

type Handler 

type Handler func(*Context) error

Handler is the function for handling HTTP requests.

type Route 

type Route struct {
	// contains filtered or unexported fields
}

Route represents a URL path pattern that can be used to match requested URLs.

func (*Route) Connect 

func (r *Route) Connect(handlers ...Handler) *Route

Connect adds the route to the router using the CONNECT HTTP method.

func (*Route) Delete 

func (r *Route) Delete(handlers ...Handler) *Route

Delete adds the route to the router using the DELETE HTTP method.

func (*Route) Get 

func (r *Route) Get(handlers ...Handler) *Route

Get adds the route to the router using the GET HTTP method.

func (*Route) Head 

func (r *Route) Head(handlers ...Handler) *Route

Head adds the route to the router using the HEAD HTTP method.

func (*Route) Name 

func (r *Route) Name(domain string) *Route

Name sets the name of the route. This method will update the registration of the route in the router as well.

func (*Route) Options 

func (r *Route) Options(handlers ...Handler) *Route

Options adds the route to the router using the OPTIONS HTTP method.

func (*Route) Patch 

func (r *Route) Patch(handlers ...Handler) *Route

Patch adds the route to the router using the PATCH HTTP method.

func (*Route) Post 

func (r *Route) Post(handlers ...Handler) *Route

Post adds the route to the router using the POST HTTP method.

func (*Route) Put 

func (r *Route) Put(handlers ...Handler) *Route

Put adds the route to the router using the PUT HTTP method.

func (*Route) To 

func (r *Route) To(methods string, handlers ...Handler) *Route

To adds the route to the router with the given HTTP methods and handlers. Multiple HTTP methods should be separated by commas (without any surrounding spaces).

func (*Route) Trace 

func (r *Route) Trace(handlers ...Handler) *Route

Trace adds the route to the router using the TRACE HTTP method.

func (*Route) URL 

func (r *Route) URL(pairs ...interface{}) (s string)

URL creates a URL using the current route and the given parameters. The parameters should be given in the sequence of name1, value1, name2, value2, and so on. If a parameter in the route is not provided a value, the parameter token will remain in the resulting URL. The method will perform URL encoding for all given parameter values.

type RouteGroup 

type RouteGroup struct {
	// contains filtered or unexported fields
}

RouteGroup represents a group of routes that share the same path prefix.

func (*RouteGroup) Any 

func (r *RouteGroup) Any(path string, handlers ...Handler) *Route

Any adds a route with the given route, handlers, and the HTTP methods as listed in routing.Methods.

func (*RouteGroup) Connect 

func (r *RouteGroup) Connect(path string, handlers ...Handler) *Route

Connect adds a CONNECT route to the router with the given route path and handlers.

func (*RouteGroup) Delete 

func (r *RouteGroup) Delete(path string, handlers ...Handler) *Route

Delete adds a DELETE route to the router with the given route path and handlers.

func (*RouteGroup) Get 

func (r *RouteGroup) Get(path string, handlers ...Handler) *Route

Get adds a GET route to the router with the given route path and handlers.

func (*RouteGroup) Group 

func (r *RouteGroup) Group(domain string, prefix string, handlers ...Handler) *RouteGroup

Group creates a RouteGroup with the given route path prefix and handlers. The new group will combine the existing path prefix with the new one. If no handler is provided, the new group will inherit the handlers registered with the current group.

func (*RouteGroup) Head 

func (r *RouteGroup) Head(path string, handlers ...Handler) *Route

Head adds a HEAD route to the router with the given route path and handlers.

func (*RouteGroup) Options 

func (r *RouteGroup) Options(path string, handlers ...Handler) *Route

Options adds an OPTIONS route to the router with the given route path and handlers.

func (*RouteGroup) Patch 

func (r *RouteGroup) Patch(path string, handlers ...Handler) *Route

Patch adds a PATCH route to the router with the given route path and handlers.

func (*RouteGroup) Post 

func (r *RouteGroup) Post(path string, handlers ...Handler) *Route

Post adds a POST route to the router with the given route path and handlers.

func (*RouteGroup) Put 

func (r *RouteGroup) Put(path string, handlers ...Handler) *Route

Put adds a PUT route to the router with the given route path and handlers.

func (*RouteGroup) To 

func (r *RouteGroup) To(methods, path string, handlers ...Handler) *Route

To adds a route to the router with the given HTTP methods, route path, and handlers. Multiple HTTP methods should be separated by commas (without any surrounding spaces).

func (*RouteGroup) Trace 

func (r *RouteGroup) Trace(path string, handlers ...Handler) *Route

Trace adds a TRACE route to the router with the given route path and handlers.

func (*RouteGroup) Use 

func (r *RouteGroup) Use(handlers ...Handler)

Use registers one or multiple handlers to the current route group. These handlers will be shared by all routes belong to this group and its subgroups.

type Router 

type Router struct {
	RouteGroup
	// contains filtered or unexported fields
}

Router manages routes and dispatches HTTP requests to the handlers of the matching routes.

func New 

func New() *Router

New creates a new Router object.

func (*Router) HandleRequest 

func (r *Router) HandleRequest(ctx *fasthttp.RequestCtx)

HandleRequest handles the HTTP request.

func (*Router) NotFound 

func (r *Router) NotFound(handlers ...Handler)

NotFound specifies the handlers that should be invoked when the router cannot find any route matching a request. Note that the handlers registered via Use will be invoked first in this case.

func (*Router) Route 

func (r *Router) Route(name string) *Route

Route returns the named route. Nil is returned if the named route cannot be found.

func (*Router) Use 

func (r *Router) Use(handlers ...Handler)

Use appends the specified handlers to the router and shares them with all routes.

type SerializeFunc 

type SerializeFunc func(data interface{}) ([]byte, error)

SerializeFunc serializes the given data of arbitrary type into a byte array.

Source Files

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