slog

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 Go to latest Published: Apr 16, 2024 License: BSD-3-Clause Imports: 22 Imported by: 2,037

Documentation

Overview

Package slog provides structured logging, in which log records include a message, a severity level, and various other attributes expressed as key-value pairs.

It defines a type, Logger, which provides several methods (such as Logger.Info and Logger.Error) for reporting events of interest.

Each Logger is associated with a Handler. A Logger output method creates a Record from the method arguments and passes it to the Handler, which decides how to handle it. There is a default Logger accessible through top-level functions (such as Info and Error) that call the corresponding Logger methods.

A log record consists of a time, a level, a message, and a set of key-value pairs, where the keys are strings and the values may be of any type. As an example, 

slog.Info("hello", "count", 3)

creates a record containing the time of the call, a level of Info, the message "hello", and a single pair with key "count" and value 3.

The Info top-level function calls the Logger.Info method on the default Logger. In addition to Logger.Info, there are methods for Debug, Warn and Error levels. Besides these convenience methods for common levels, there is also a Logger.Log method which takes the level as an argument. Each of these methods has a corresponding top-level function that uses the default logger.

The default handler formats the log record's message, time, level, and attributes as a string and passes it to the log package. 

2022/11/08 15:28:26 INFO hello count=3

For more control over the output format, create a logger with a different handler. This statement uses New to create a new logger with a TextHandler that writes structured records in text form to standard error: 

logger := slog.New(slog.NewTextHandler(os.Stderr, nil))

TextHandler output is a sequence of key=value pairs, easily and unambiguously parsed by machine. This statement: 

logger.Info("hello", "count", 3)

produces this output: 

time=2022-11-08T15:28:26.000-05:00 level=INFO msg=hello count=3

The package also provides JSONHandler, whose output is line-delimited JSON: 

logger := slog.New(slog.NewJSONHandler(os.Stdout, nil))
logger.Info("hello", "count", 3)

produces this output: 

{"time":"2022-11-08T15:28:26.000000000-05:00","level":"INFO","msg":"hello","count":3}

Both TextHandler and JSONHandler can be configured with HandlerOptions. There are options for setting the minimum level (see Levels, below), displaying the source file and line of the log call, and modifying attributes before they are logged.

Setting a logger as the default with 

slog.SetDefault(logger)

will cause the top-level functions like Info to use it. SetDefault also updates the default logger used by the log package, so that existing applications that use log.Printf and related functions will send log records to the logger's handler without needing to be rewritten.

Some attributes are common to many log calls. For example, you may wish to include the URL or trace identifier of a server request with all log events arising from the request. Rather than repeat the attribute with every log call, you can use Logger.With to construct a new Logger containing the attributes: 

logger2 := logger.With("url", r.URL)

The arguments to With are the same key-value pairs used in Logger.Info. The result is a new Logger with the same handler as the original, but additional attributes that will appear in the output of every call.

Levels

A Level is an integer representing the importance or severity of a log event. The higher the level, the more severe the event. This package defines constants for the most common levels, but any int can be used as a level.

In an application, you may wish to log messages only at a certain level or greater. One common configuration is to log messages at Info or higher levels, suppressing debug logging until it is needed. The built-in handlers can be configured with the minimum level to output by setting [HandlerOptions.Level]. The program's `main` function typically does this. The default value is LevelInfo.

Setting the [HandlerOptions.Level] field to a Level value fixes the handler's minimum level throughout its lifetime. Setting it to a LevelVar allows the level to be varied dynamically. A LevelVar holds a Level and is safe to read or write from multiple goroutines. To vary the level dynamically for an entire program, first initialize a global LevelVar: 

var programLevel = new(slog.LevelVar) // Info by default

Then use the LevelVar to construct a handler, and make it the default: 

h := slog.NewJSONHandler(os.Stderr, &slog.HandlerOptions{Level: programLevel})
slog.SetDefault(slog.New(h))

Now the program can change its logging level with a single statement: 

programLevel.Set(slog.LevelDebug)

Groups

Attributes can be collected into groups. A group has a name that is used to qualify the names of its attributes. How this qualification is displayed depends on the handler. TextHandler separates the group and attribute names with a dot. JSONHandler treats each group as a separate JSON object, with the group name as the key.

Use Group to create a Group attribute from a name and a list of key-value pairs: 

slog.Group("request",
    "method", r.Method,
    "url", r.URL)

TextHandler would display this group as 

request.method=GET request.url=http://example.com

JSONHandler would display it as 

"request":{"method":"GET","url":"http://example.com"}

Use Logger.WithGroup to qualify all of a Logger's output with a group name. Calling WithGroup on a Logger results in a new Logger with the same Handler as the original, but with all its attributes qualified by the group name.

This can help prevent duplicate attribute keys in large systems, where subsystems might use the same keys. Pass each subsystem a different Logger with its own group name so that potential duplicates are qualified: 

logger := slog.Default().With("id", systemID)
parserLogger := logger.WithGroup("parser")
parseInput(input, parserLogger)

When parseInput logs with parserLogger, its keys will be qualified with "parser", so even if it uses the common key "id", the log line will have distinct keys.

Contexts

Some handlers may wish to include information from the context.Context that is available at the call site. One example of such information is the identifier for the current span when tracing is enabled.

The Logger.Log and Logger.LogAttrs methods take a context as a first argument, as do their corresponding top-level functions.

Although the convenience methods on Logger (Info and so on) and the corresponding top-level functions do not take a context, the alternatives ending in "Context" do. For example, 

slog.InfoContext(ctx, "message")

It is recommended to pass a context to an output method if one is available.

Attrs and Values

An Attr is a key-value pair. The Logger output methods accept Attrs as well as alternating keys and values. The statement 

slog.Info("hello", slog.Int("count", 3))

behaves the same as 

slog.Info("hello", "count", 3)

There are convenience constructors for Attr such as Int, String, and Bool for common types, as well as the function Any for constructing Attrs of any type.

The value part of an Attr is a type called Value. Like an [any], a Value can hold any Go value, but it can represent typical values, including all numbers and strings, without an allocation.

For the most efficient log output, use Logger.LogAttrs. It is similar to Logger.Log but accepts only Attrs, not alternating keys and values; this allows it, too, to avoid allocation.

The call 

logger.LogAttrs(nil, slog.LevelInfo, "hello", slog.Int("count", 3))

is the most efficient way to achieve the same output as 

slog.Info("hello", "count", 3)

Customizing a type's logging behavior

If a type implements the LogValuer interface, the Value returned from its LogValue method is used for logging. You can use this to control how values of the type appear in logs. For example, you can redact secret information like passwords, or gather a struct's fields in a Group. See the examples under LogValuer for details.

A LogValue method may return a Value that itself implements LogValuer. The Value.Resolve method handles these cases carefully, avoiding infinite loops and unbounded recursion. Handler authors and others may wish to use Value.Resolve instead of calling LogValue directly.

Wrapping output methods

The logger functions use reflection over the call stack to find the file name and line number of the logging call within the application. This can produce incorrect source information for functions that wrap slog. For instance, if you define this function in file mylog.go: 

func Infof(format string, args ...any) {
    slog.Default().Info(fmt.Sprintf(format, args...))
}

and you call it like this in main.go: 

Infof(slog.Default(), "hello, %s", "world")

then slog will report the source file as mylog.go, not main.go.

A correct implementation of Infof will obtain the source location (pc) and pass it to NewRecord. The Infof function in the package-level example called "wrapping" demonstrates how to do this.

Working with Records

Sometimes a Handler will need to modify a Record before passing it on to another Handler or backend. A Record contains a mixture of simple public fields (e.g. Time, Level, Message) and hidden fields that refer to state (such as attributes) indirectly. This means that modifying a simple copy of a Record (e.g. by calling Record.Add or Record.AddAttrs to add attributes) may have unexpected effects on the original. Before modifying a Record, use [Clone] to create a copy that shares no state with the original, or create a new Record with NewRecord and build up its Attrs by traversing the old ones with Record.Attrs.

Performance considerations

If profiling your application demonstrates that logging is taking significant time, the following suggestions may help.

If many log lines have a common attribute, use Logger.With to create a Logger with that attribute. The built-in handlers will format that attribute only once, at the call to Logger.With. The Handler interface is designed to allow that optimization, and a well-written Handler should take advantage of it.

The arguments to a log call are always evaluated, even if the log event is discarded. If possible, defer computation so that it happens only if the value is actually logged. For example, consider the call 

slog.Info("starting request", "url", r.URL.String())  // may compute String unnecessarily

The URL.String method will be called even if the logger discards Info-level events. Instead, pass the URL directly: 

slog.Info("starting request", "url", &r.URL) // calls URL.String only if needed

The built-in TextHandler will call its String method, but only if the log event is enabled. Avoiding the call to String also preserves the structure of the underlying value. For example JSONHandler emits the components of the parsed URL as a JSON object. If you want to avoid eagerly paying the cost of the String call without causing the handler to potentially inspect the structure of the value, wrap the value in a fmt.Stringer implementation that hides its Marshal methods.

You can also use the LogValuer interface to avoid unnecessary work in disabled log calls. Say you need to log some expensive value: 

slog.Debug("frobbing", "value", computeExpensiveValue(arg))

Even if this line is disabled, computeExpensiveValue will be called. To avoid that, define a type implementing LogValuer: 

type expensive struct { arg int }

func (e expensive) LogValue() slog.Value {
    return slog.AnyValue(computeExpensiveValue(e.arg))
}

Then use a value of that type in log calls: 

slog.Debug("frobbing", "value", expensive{arg})

Now computeExpensiveValue will only be called when the line is enabled.

The built-in handlers acquire a lock before calling io.Writer.Write to ensure that each record is written in one piece. User-defined handlers are responsible for their own locking.

Example (Wrapping) 
package main

import (
	"context"
	"fmt"
	"os"
	"path/filepath"
	"runtime"
	"time"

	"golang.org/x/exp/slog"
)

// Infof is an example of a user-defined logging function that wraps slog.
// The log record contains the source position of the caller of Infof.
func Infof(logger *slog.Logger, format string, args ...any) {
	if !logger.Enabled(context.Background(), slog.LevelInfo) {
		return
	}
	var pcs [1]uintptr
	runtime.Callers(2, pcs[:]) // skip [Callers, Infof]
	r := slog.NewRecord(time.Now(), slog.LevelInfo, fmt.Sprintf(format, args...), pcs[0])
	_ = logger.Handler().Handle(context.Background(), r)
}

func main() {
	replace := func(groups []string, a slog.Attr) slog.Attr {
		// Remove time.
		if a.Key == slog.TimeKey && len(groups) == 0 {
			return slog.Attr{}
		}
		// Remove the directory from the source's filename.
		if a.Key == slog.SourceKey {
			source := a.Value.Any().(*slog.Source)
			source.File = filepath.Base(source.File)
		}
		return a
	}
	logger := slog.New(slog.NewTextHandler(os.Stdout, &slog.HandlerOptions{AddSource: true, ReplaceAttr: replace}))
	Infof(logger, "message, %s", "formatted")

}

Output:

level=INFO source=example_wrap_test.go:44 msg="message, formatted"

Index

Examples

Constants

View Source 
const (
	// TimeKey is the key used by the built-in handlers for the time
	// when the log method is called. The associated Value is a [time.Time].
	TimeKey = "time"
	// LevelKey is the key used by the built-in handlers for the level
	// of the log call. The associated value is a [Level].
	LevelKey = "level"
	// MessageKey is the key used by the built-in handlers for the
	// message of the log call. The associated value is a string.
	MessageKey = "msg"
	// SourceKey is the key used by the built-in handlers for the source file
	// and line of the log call. The associated value is a string.
	SourceKey = "source"
)

Keys for "built-in" attributes.

Variables

This section is empty.

Functions

func Debug 

func Debug(msg string, args ...any)

Debug calls Logger.Debug on the default logger.

func DebugContext 

func DebugContext(ctx context.Context, msg string, args ...any)

DebugContext calls Logger.DebugContext on the default logger.

func DebugCtx 

func DebugCtx(ctx context.Context, msg string, args ...any)

DebugCtx calls Logger.DebugContext on the default logger. Deprecated: call DebugContext.

func Error 

func Error(msg string, args ...any)

Error calls Logger.Error on the default logger.

func ErrorContext 

func ErrorContext(ctx context.Context, msg string, args ...any)

ErrorContext calls Logger.ErrorContext on the default logger.

func ErrorCtx 

func ErrorCtx(ctx context.Context, msg string, args ...any)

ErrorCtx calls Logger.ErrorContext on the default logger. Deprecated: call ErrorContext.

func Info 

func Info(msg string, args ...any)

Info calls Logger.Info on the default logger.

func InfoContext 

func InfoContext(ctx context.Context, msg string, args ...any)

InfoContext calls Logger.InfoContext on the default logger.

func InfoCtx 

func InfoCtx(ctx context.Context, msg string, args ...any)

InfoCtx calls Logger.InfoContext on the default logger. Deprecated: call InfoContext.

func Log 

func Log(ctx context.Context, level Level, msg string, args ...any)

Log calls Logger.Log on the default logger.

func LogAttrs 

func LogAttrs(ctx context.Context, level Level, msg string, attrs ...Attr)

LogAttrs calls Logger.LogAttrs on the default logger.

func NewLogLogger 

func NewLogLogger(h Handler, level Level) *log.Logger

NewLogLogger returns a new log.Logger such that each call to its Output method dispatches a Record to the specified handler. The logger acts as a bridge from the older log API to newer structured logging handlers.

func SetDefault 

func SetDefault(l *Logger)

SetDefault makes l the default Logger. After this call, output from the log package's default Logger (as with log.Print, etc.) will be logged at LevelInfo using l's Handler.

func Warn 

func Warn(msg string, args ...any)

Warn calls Logger.Warn on the default logger.

func WarnContext 

func WarnContext(ctx context.Context, msg string, args ...any)

WarnContext calls Logger.WarnContext on the default logger.

func WarnCtx 

func WarnCtx(ctx context.Context, msg string, args ...any)

WarnCtx calls Logger.WarnContext on the default logger. Deprecated: call WarnContext.

Types

type Attr 

type Attr struct {
	Key   string
	Value Value
}

An Attr is a key-value pair.

func Any 

func Any(key string, value any) Attr

Any returns an Attr for the supplied value. See [Value.AnyValue] for how values are treated.

func Bool 

func Bool(key string, v bool) Attr

Bool returns an Attr for a bool.

func Duration 

func Duration(key string, v time.Duration) Attr

Duration returns an Attr for a time.Duration.

func Float64 

func Float64(key string, v float64) Attr

Float64 returns an Attr for a floating-point number.

func Group 

func Group(key string, args ...any) Attr

Group returns an Attr for a Group Value. The first argument is the key; the remaining arguments are converted to Attrs as in Logger.Log.

Use Group to collect several key-value pairs under a single key on a log line, or as the result of LogValue in order to log a single value as multiple Attrs.

Example 
package main

import (
	"net/http"
	"os"
	"time"

	"golang.org/x/exp/slog"
	"golang.org/x/exp/slog/internal/testutil"
)

func main() {
	r, _ := http.NewRequest("GET", "localhost", nil)
	// ...

	logger := slog.New(slog.NewTextHandler(os.Stdout, &slog.HandlerOptions{ReplaceAttr: testutil.RemoveTime}))
	slog.SetDefault(logger)

	slog.Info("finished",
		slog.Group("req",
			slog.String("method", r.Method),
			slog.String("url", r.URL.String())),
		slog.Int("status", http.StatusOK),
		slog.Duration("duration", time.Second))

}

Output:

level=INFO msg=finished req.method=GET req.url=localhost status=200 duration=1s

func Int 

func Int(key string, value int) Attr

Int converts an int to an int64 and returns an Attr with that value.

func Int64 

func Int64(key string, value int64) Attr

Int64 returns an Attr for an int64.

func String 

func String(key, value string) Attr

String returns an Attr for a string value.

func Time 

func Time(key string, v time.Time) Attr

Time returns an Attr for a time.Time. It discards the monotonic portion.

func Uint64 

func Uint64(key string, v uint64) Attr

Uint64 returns an Attr for a uint64.

func (Attr) Equal 

func (a Attr) Equal(b Attr) bool

Equal reports whether a and b have equal keys and values.

func (Attr) String 

func (a Attr) String() string

type Handler 

type Handler interface {
	// Enabled reports whether the handler handles records at the given level.
	// The handler ignores records whose level is lower.
	// It is called early, before any arguments are processed,
	// to save effort if the log event should be discarded.
	// If called from a Logger method, the first argument is the context
	// passed to that method, or context.Background() if nil was passed
	// or the method does not take a context.
	// The context is passed so Enabled can use its values
	// to make a decision.
	Enabled(context.Context, Level) bool

	// Handle handles the Record.
	// It will only be called when Enabled returns true.
	// The Context argument is as for Enabled.
	// It is present solely to provide Handlers access to the context's values.
	// Canceling the context should not affect record processing.
	// (Among other things, log messages may be necessary to debug a
	// cancellation-related problem.)
	//
	// Handle methods that produce output should observe the following rules:
	//   - If r.Time is the zero time, ignore the time.
	//   - If r.PC is zero, ignore it.
	//   - Attr's values should be resolved.
	//   - If an Attr's key and value are both the zero value, ignore the Attr.
	//     This can be tested with attr.Equal(Attr{}).
	//   - If a group's key is empty, inline the group's Attrs.
	//   - If a group has no Attrs (even if it has a non-empty key),
	//     ignore it.
	Handle(context.Context, Record) error

	// WithAttrs returns a new Handler whose attributes consist of
	// both the receiver's attributes and the arguments.
	// The Handler owns the slice: it may retain, modify or discard it.
	WithAttrs(attrs []Attr) Handler

	// WithGroup returns a new Handler with the given group appended to
	// the receiver's existing groups.
	// The keys of all subsequent attributes, whether added by With or in a
	// Record, should be qualified by the sequence of group names.
	//
	// How this qualification happens is up to the Handler, so long as
	// this Handler's attribute keys differ from those of another Handler
	// with a different sequence of group names.
	//
	// A Handler should treat WithGroup as starting a Group of Attrs that ends
	// at the end of the log event. That is,
	//
	//     logger.WithGroup("s").LogAttrs(level, msg, slog.Int("a", 1), slog.Int("b", 2))
	//
	// should behave like
	//
	//     logger.LogAttrs(level, msg, slog.Group("s", slog.Int("a", 1), slog.Int("b", 2)))
	//
	// If the name is empty, WithGroup returns the receiver.
	WithGroup(name string) Handler
}

A Handler handles log records produced by a Logger..

A typical handler may print log records to standard error, or write them to a file or database, or perhaps augment them with additional attributes and pass them on to another handler.

Any of the Handler's methods may be called concurrently with itself or with other methods. It is the responsibility of the Handler to manage this concurrency.

Users of the slog package should not invoke Handler methods directly. They should use the methods of Logger instead.

Example (LevelHandler)

This example shows how to Use a LevelHandler to change the level of an existing Handler while preserving its other behavior.

This example demonstrates increasing the log level to reduce a logger's output.

Another typical use would be to decrease the log level (to LevelDebug, say) during a part of the program that was suspected of containing a bug. 

package main

import (
	"context"
	"os"

	"golang.org/x/exp/slog"
	"golang.org/x/exp/slog/internal/testutil"
)

// A LevelHandler wraps a Handler with an Enabled method
// that returns false for levels below a minimum.
type LevelHandler struct {
	level   slog.Leveler
	handler slog.Handler
}

// NewLevelHandler returns a LevelHandler with the given level.
// All methods except Enabled delegate to h.
func NewLevelHandler(level slog.Leveler, h slog.Handler) *LevelHandler {
	// Optimization: avoid chains of LevelHandlers.
	if lh, ok := h.(*LevelHandler); ok {
		h = lh.Handler()
	}
	return &LevelHandler{level, h}
}

// Enabled implements Handler.Enabled by reporting whether
// level is at least as large as h's level.
func (h *LevelHandler) Enabled(_ context.Context, level slog.Level) bool {
	return level >= h.level.Level()
}

// Handle implements Handler.Handle.
func (h *LevelHandler) Handle(ctx context.Context, r slog.Record) error {
	return h.handler.Handle(ctx, r)
}

// WithAttrs implements Handler.WithAttrs.
func (h *LevelHandler) WithAttrs(attrs []slog.Attr) slog.Handler {
	return NewLevelHandler(h.level, h.handler.WithAttrs(attrs))
}

// WithGroup implements Handler.WithGroup.
func (h *LevelHandler) WithGroup(name string) slog.Handler {
	return NewLevelHandler(h.level, h.handler.WithGroup(name))
}

// Handler returns the Handler wrapped by h.
func (h *LevelHandler) Handler() slog.Handler {
	return h.handler
}

// This example shows how to Use a LevelHandler to change the level of an
// existing Handler while preserving its other behavior.
//
// This example demonstrates increasing the log level to reduce a logger's
// output.
//
// Another typical use would be to decrease the log level (to LevelDebug, say)
// during a part of the program that was suspected of containing a bug.
func main() {
	th := slog.NewTextHandler(os.Stdout, &slog.HandlerOptions{ReplaceAttr: testutil.RemoveTime})
	logger := slog.New(NewLevelHandler(slog.LevelWarn, th))
	logger.Info("not printed")
	logger.Warn("printed")

}

Output:

level=WARN msg=printed

type HandlerOptions 

type HandlerOptions struct {
	// AddSource causes the handler to compute the source code position
	// of the log statement and add a SourceKey attribute to the output.
	AddSource bool

	// Level reports the minimum record level that will be logged.
	// The handler discards records with lower levels.
	// If Level is nil, the handler assumes LevelInfo.
	// The handler calls Level.Level for each record processed;
	// to adjust the minimum level dynamically, use a LevelVar.
	Level Leveler

	// ReplaceAttr is called to rewrite each non-group attribute before it is logged.
	// The attribute's value has been resolved (see [Value.Resolve]).
	// If ReplaceAttr returns an Attr with Key == "", the attribute is discarded.
	//
	// The built-in attributes with keys "time", "level", "source", and "msg"
	// are passed to this function, except that time is omitted
	// if zero, and source is omitted if AddSource is false.
	//
	// The first argument is a list of currently open groups that contain the
	// Attr. It must not be retained or modified. ReplaceAttr is never called
	// for Group attributes, only their contents. For example, the attribute
	// list
	//
	//     Int("a", 1), Group("g", Int("b", 2)), Int("c", 3)
	//
	// results in consecutive calls to ReplaceAttr with the following arguments:
	//
	//     nil, Int("a", 1)
	//     []string{"g"}, Int("b", 2)
	//     nil, Int("c", 3)
	//
	// ReplaceAttr can be used to change the default keys of the built-in
	// attributes, convert types (for example, to replace a `time.Time` with the
	// integer seconds since the Unix epoch), sanitize personal information, or
	// remove attributes from the output.
	ReplaceAttr func(groups []string, a Attr) Attr
}

HandlerOptions are options for a TextHandler or JSONHandler. A zero HandlerOptions consists entirely of default values.

Example (CustomLevels)

This example demonstrates using custom log levels and custom log level names. In addition to the default log levels, it introduces Trace, Notice, and Emergency levels. The ReplaceAttr changes the way levels are printed for both the standard log levels and the custom log levels. 

package main

import (
	"os"

	"golang.org/x/exp/slog"
)

func main() {
	// Exported constants from a custom logging package.
	const (
		LevelTrace     = slog.Level(-8)
		LevelDebug     = slog.LevelDebug
		LevelInfo      = slog.LevelInfo
		LevelNotice    = slog.Level(2)
		LevelWarning   = slog.LevelWarn
		LevelError     = slog.LevelError
		LevelEmergency = slog.Level(12)
	)

	th := slog.NewTextHandler(os.Stdout, &slog.HandlerOptions{
		// Set a custom level to show all log output. The default value is
		// LevelInfo, which would drop Debug and Trace logs.
		Level: LevelTrace,

		ReplaceAttr: func(groups []string, a slog.Attr) slog.Attr {
			// Remove time from the output for predictable test output.
			if a.Key == slog.TimeKey {
				return slog.Attr{}
			}

			// Customize the name of the level key and the output string, including
			// custom level values.
			if a.Key == slog.LevelKey {
				// Rename the level key from "level" to "sev".
				a.Key = "sev"

				// Handle custom level values.
				level := a.Value.Any().(slog.Level)

				// This could also look up the name from a map or other structure, but
				// this demonstrates using a switch statement to rename levels. For
				// maximum performance, the string values should be constants, but this
				// example uses the raw strings for readability.
				switch {
				case level < LevelDebug:
					a.Value = slog.StringValue("TRACE")
				case level < LevelInfo:
					a.Value = slog.StringValue("DEBUG")
				case level < LevelNotice:
					a.Value = slog.StringValue("INFO")
				case level < LevelWarning:
					a.Value = slog.StringValue("NOTICE")
				case level < LevelError:
					a.Value = slog.StringValue("WARNING")
				case level < LevelEmergency:
					a.Value = slog.StringValue("ERROR")
				default:
					a.Value = slog.StringValue("EMERGENCY")
				}
			}

			return a
		},
	})

	logger := slog.New(th)
	logger.Log(nil, LevelEmergency, "missing pilots")
	logger.Error("failed to start engines", "err", "missing fuel")
	logger.Warn("falling back to default value")
	logger.Log(nil, LevelNotice, "all systems are running")
	logger.Info("initiating launch")
	logger.Debug("starting background job")
	logger.Log(nil, LevelTrace, "button clicked")

}

Output:

sev=EMERGENCY msg="missing pilots"
sev=ERROR msg="failed to start engines" err="missing fuel"
sev=WARNING msg="falling back to default value"
sev=NOTICE msg="all systems are running"
sev=INFO msg="initiating launch"
sev=DEBUG msg="starting background job"
sev=TRACE msg="button clicked"

type JSONHandler 

type JSONHandler struct {
	// contains filtered or unexported fields
}

JSONHandler is a Handler that writes Records to an io.Writer as line-delimited JSON objects.

func NewJSONHandler 

func NewJSONHandler(w io.Writer, opts *HandlerOptions) *JSONHandler

NewJSONHandler creates a JSONHandler that writes to w, using the given options. If opts is nil, the default options are used.

func (*JSONHandler) Enabled 

func (h *JSONHandler) Enabled(_ context.Context, level Level) bool

Enabled reports whether the handler handles records at the given level. The handler ignores records whose level is lower.

func (*JSONHandler) Handle 

func (h *JSONHandler) Handle(_ context.Context, r Record) error

Handle formats its argument Record as a JSON object on a single line.

If the Record's time is zero, the time is omitted. Otherwise, the key is "time" and the value is output as with json.Marshal.

If the Record's level is zero, the level is omitted. Otherwise, the key is "level" and the value of Level.String is output.

If the AddSource option is set and source information is available, the key is "source" and the value is output as "FILE:LINE".

The message's key is "msg".

To modify these or other attributes, or remove them from the output, use [HandlerOptions.ReplaceAttr].

Values are formatted as with an encoding/json.Encoder with SetEscapeHTML(false), with two exceptions.

First, an Attr whose Value is of type error is formatted as a string, by calling its Error method. Only errors in Attrs receive this special treatment, not errors embedded in structs, slices, maps or other data structures that are processed by the encoding/json package.

Second, an encoding failure does not cause Handle to return an error. Instead, the error message is formatted as a string.

Each call to Handle results in a single serialized call to io.Writer.Write.

func (*JSONHandler) WithAttrs 

func (h *JSONHandler) WithAttrs(attrs []Attr) Handler

WithAttrs returns a new JSONHandler whose attributes consists of h's attributes followed by attrs.

func (*JSONHandler) WithGroup 

func (h *JSONHandler) WithGroup(name string) Handler

type Kind 

type Kind int

Kind is the kind of a Value. 

const (
	KindAny Kind = iota
	KindBool
	KindDuration
	KindFloat64
	KindInt64
	KindString
	KindTime
	KindUint64
	KindGroup
	KindLogValuer
)

func (Kind) String 

func (k Kind) String() string

type Level 

type Level int

A Level is the importance or severity of a log event. The higher the level, the more important or severe the event. 

const (
	LevelDebug Level = -4
	LevelInfo  Level = 0
	LevelWarn  Level = 4
	LevelError Level = 8
)

Second, we wanted to make it easy to use levels to specify logger verbosity. Since a larger level means a more severe event, a logger that accepts events with smaller (or more negative) level means a more verbose logger. Logger verbosity is thus the negation of event severity, and the default verbosity of 0 accepts all events at least as severe as INFO.

Third, we wanted some room between levels to accommodate schemes with named levels between ours. For example, Google Cloud Logging defines a Notice level between Info and Warn. Since there are only a few of these intermediate levels, the gap between the numbers need not be large. Our gap of 4 matches OpenTelemetry's mapping. Subtracting 9 from an OpenTelemetry level in the DEBUG, INFO, WARN and ERROR ranges converts it to the corresponding slog Level range. OpenTelemetry also has the names TRACE and FATAL, which slog does not. But those OpenTelemetry levels can still be represented as slog Levels by using the appropriate integers.

Names for common levels.

func (Level) Level 

func (l Level) Level() Level

Level returns the receiver. It implements Leveler.

func (Level) MarshalJSON 

func (l Level) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error)

MarshalJSON implements encoding/json.Marshaler by quoting the output of Level.String.

func (Level) MarshalText 

func (l Level) MarshalText() ([]byte, error)

MarshalText implements encoding.TextMarshaler by calling Level.String.

func (Level) String 

func (l Level) String() string

String returns a name for the level. If the level has a name, then that name in uppercase is returned. If the level is between named values, then an integer is appended to the uppercased name. Examples: 

LevelWarn.String() => "WARN"
(LevelInfo+2).String() => "INFO+2"

func (*Level) UnmarshalJSON 

func (l *Level) UnmarshalJSON(data []byte) error

UnmarshalJSON implements encoding/json.Unmarshaler It accepts any string produced by Level.MarshalJSON, ignoring case. It also accepts numeric offsets that would result in a different string on output. For example, "Error-8" would marshal as "INFO".

func (*Level) UnmarshalText 

func (l *Level) UnmarshalText(data []byte) error

UnmarshalText implements encoding.TextUnmarshaler. It accepts any string produced by Level.MarshalText, ignoring case. It also accepts numeric offsets that would result in a different string on output. For example, "Error-8" would marshal as "INFO".

type LevelVar 

type LevelVar struct {
	// contains filtered or unexported fields
}

A LevelVar is a Level variable, to allow a Handler level to change dynamically. It implements Leveler as well as a Set method, and it is safe for use by multiple goroutines. The zero LevelVar corresponds to LevelInfo.

func (*LevelVar) Level 

func (v *LevelVar) Level() Level

Level returns v's level.

func (*LevelVar) MarshalText 

func (v *LevelVar) MarshalText() ([]byte, error)

MarshalText implements encoding.TextMarshaler by calling Level.MarshalText.

func (*LevelVar) Set 

func (v *LevelVar) Set(l Level)

Set sets v's level to l.

func (*LevelVar) String 

func (v *LevelVar) String() string

func (*LevelVar) UnmarshalText 

func (v *LevelVar) UnmarshalText(data []byte) error

UnmarshalText implements encoding.TextUnmarshaler by calling Level.UnmarshalText.

type Leveler 

type Leveler interface {
	Level() Level
}

A Leveler provides a Level value.

As Level itself implements Leveler, clients typically supply a Level value wherever a Leveler is needed, such as in HandlerOptions. Clients who need to vary the level dynamically can provide a more complex Leveler implementation such as *LevelVar.

type LogValuer 

type LogValuer interface {
	LogValue() Value
}

A LogValuer is any Go value that can convert itself into a Value for logging.

This mechanism may be used to defer expensive operations until they are needed, or to expand a single value into a sequence of components.

Example (Group) 
package main

import "golang.org/x/exp/slog"

type Name struct {
	First, Last string
}

// LogValue implements slog.LogValuer.
// It returns a group containing the fields of
// the Name, so that they appear together in the log output.
func (n Name) LogValue() slog.Value {
	return slog.GroupValue(
		slog.String("first", n.First),
		slog.String("last", n.Last))
}

func main() {
	n := Name{"Perry", "Platypus"}
	slog.Info("mission accomplished", "agent", n)

	// JSON Output would look in part like:
	// {
	//     ...
	//     "msg": "mission accomplished",
	//     "agent": {
	//         "first": "Perry",
	//         "last": "Platypus"
	//     }
	// }
}

Output:
Example (Secret)

This example demonstrates a Value that replaces itself with an alternative representation to avoid revealing secrets. 

package main

import (
	"os"

	"golang.org/x/exp/slog"
	"golang.org/x/exp/slog/internal/testutil"
)

// A token is a secret value that grants permissions.
type Token string

// LogValue implements slog.LogValuer.
// It avoids revealing the token.
func (Token) LogValue() slog.Value {
	return slog.StringValue("REDACTED_TOKEN")
}

// This example demonstrates a Value that replaces itself
// with an alternative representation to avoid revealing secrets.
func main() {
	t := Token("shhhh!")
	logger := slog.New(slog.NewTextHandler(os.Stdout, &slog.HandlerOptions{ReplaceAttr: testutil.RemoveTime}))
	logger.Info("permission granted", "user", "Perry", "token", t)

}

Output:

level=INFO msg="permission granted" user=Perry token=REDACTED_TOKEN

type Logger 

type Logger struct {
	// contains filtered or unexported fields
}

A Logger records structured information about each call to its Log, Debug, Info, Warn, and Error methods. For each call, it creates a Record and passes it to a Handler.

To create a new Logger, call New or a Logger method that begins "With".

func Default 

func Default() *Logger

Default returns the default Logger.

func New 

func New(h Handler) *Logger

New creates a new Logger with the given non-nil Handler and a nil context.

func With 

func With(args ...any) *Logger

With calls Logger.With on the default logger.

func (*Logger) Debug 

func (l *Logger) Debug(msg string, args ...any)

Debug logs at LevelDebug.

func (*Logger) DebugContext 

func (l *Logger) DebugContext(ctx context.Context, msg string, args ...any)

DebugContext logs at LevelDebug with the given context.

func (*Logger) DebugCtx 

func (l *Logger) DebugCtx(ctx context.Context, msg string, args ...any)

DebugCtx logs at LevelDebug with the given context. Deprecated: Use Logger.DebugContext.

func (*Logger) Enabled 

func (l *Logger) Enabled(ctx context.Context, level Level) bool

Enabled reports whether l emits log records at the given context and level.

func (*Logger) Error 

func (l *Logger) Error(msg string, args ...any)

Error logs at LevelError.

func (*Logger) ErrorContext 

func (l *Logger) ErrorContext(ctx context.Context, msg string, args ...any)

ErrorContext logs at LevelError with the given context.

func (*Logger) ErrorCtx 

func (l *Logger) ErrorCtx(ctx context.Context, msg string, args ...any)

ErrorCtx logs at LevelError with the given context. Deprecated: Use Logger.ErrorContext.

func (*Logger) Handler 

func (l *Logger) Handler() Handler

Handler returns l's Handler.

func (*Logger) Info 

func (l *Logger) Info(msg string, args ...any)

Info logs at LevelInfo.

func (*Logger) InfoContext 

func (l *Logger) InfoContext(ctx context.Context, msg string, args ...any)

InfoContext logs at LevelInfo with the given context.

func (*Logger) InfoCtx 

func (l *Logger) InfoCtx(ctx context.Context, msg string, args ...any)

InfoCtx logs at LevelInfo with the given context. Deprecated: Use Logger.InfoContext.

func (*Logger) Log 

func (l *Logger) Log(ctx context.Context, level Level, msg string, args ...any)

Log emits a log record with the current time and the given level and message. The Record's Attrs consist of the Logger's attributes followed by the Attrs specified by args.

The attribute arguments are processed as follows:

  • If an argument is an Attr, it is used as is.
  • If an argument is a string and this is not the last argument, the following argument is treated as the value and the two are combined into an Attr.
  • Otherwise, the argument is treated as a value with key "!BADKEY".

func (*Logger) LogAttrs 

func (l *Logger) LogAttrs(ctx context.Context, level Level, msg string, attrs ...Attr)

LogAttrs is a more efficient version of Logger.Log that accepts only Attrs.

func (*Logger) Warn 

func (l *Logger) Warn(msg string, args ...any)

Warn logs at LevelWarn.

func (*Logger) WarnContext 

func (l *Logger) WarnContext(ctx context.Context, msg string, args ...any)

WarnContext logs at LevelWarn with the given context.

func (*Logger) WarnCtx 

func (l *Logger) WarnCtx(ctx context.Context, msg string, args ...any)

WarnCtx logs at LevelWarn with the given context. Deprecated: Use Logger.WarnContext.

func (*Logger) With 

func (l *Logger) With(args ...any) *Logger

With returns a new Logger that includes the given arguments, converted to Attrs as in Logger.Log. The Attrs will be added to each output from the Logger. The new Logger shares the old Logger's context. The new Logger's handler is the result of calling WithAttrs on the receiver's handler.

func (*Logger) WithGroup 

func (l *Logger) WithGroup(name string) *Logger

WithGroup returns a new Logger that starts a group. The keys of all attributes added to the Logger will be qualified by the given name. (How that qualification happens depends on the [Handler.WithGroup] method of the Logger's Handler.) The new Logger shares the old Logger's context.

The new Logger's handler is the result of calling WithGroup on the receiver's handler.

type Record 

type Record struct {
	// The time at which the output method (Log, Info, etc.) was called.
	Time time.Time

	// The log message.
	Message string

	// The level of the event.
	Level Level

	// The program counter at the time the record was constructed, as determined
	// by runtime.Callers. If zero, no program counter is available.
	//
	// The only valid use for this value is as an argument to
	// [runtime.CallersFrames]. In particular, it must not be passed to
	// [runtime.FuncForPC].
	PC uintptr
	// contains filtered or unexported fields
}

A Record holds information about a log event. Copies of a Record share state. Do not modify a Record after handing out a copy to it. Use Record.Clone to create a copy with no shared state.

func NewRecord 

func NewRecord(t time.Time, level Level, msg string, pc uintptr) Record

NewRecord creates a Record from the given arguments. Use Record.AddAttrs to add attributes to the Record.

NewRecord is intended for logging APIs that want to support a Handler as a backend.

func (*Record) Add 

func (r *Record) Add(args ...any)

Add converts the args to Attrs as described in Logger.Log, then appends the Attrs to the Record's list of Attrs.

func (*Record) AddAttrs 

func (r *Record) AddAttrs(attrs ...Attr)

AddAttrs appends the given Attrs to the Record's list of Attrs.

func (Record) Attrs 

func (r Record) Attrs(f func(Attr) bool)

Attrs calls f on each Attr in the Record. Iteration stops if f returns false.

func (Record) Clone 

func (r Record) Clone() Record

Clone returns a copy of the record with no shared state. The original record and the clone can both be modified without interfering with each other.

func (Record) NumAttrs 

func (r Record) NumAttrs() int

NumAttrs returns the number of attributes in the Record.

type Source 

type Source struct {
	// Function is the package path-qualified function name containing the
	// source line. If non-empty, this string uniquely identifies a single
	// function in the program. This may be the empty string if not known.
	Function string `json:"function"`
	// File and Line are the file name and line number (1-based) of the source
	// line. These may be the empty string and zero, respectively, if not known.
	File string `json:"file"`
	Line int    `json:"line"`
}

Source describes the location of a line of source code.

type TextHandler 

type TextHandler struct {
	// contains filtered or unexported fields
}

TextHandler is a Handler that writes Records to an io.Writer as a sequence of key=value pairs separated by spaces and followed by a newline.

func NewTextHandler 

func NewTextHandler(w io.Writer, opts *HandlerOptions) *TextHandler

NewTextHandler creates a TextHandler that writes to w, using the given options. If opts is nil, the default options are used.

func (*TextHandler) Enabled 

func (h *TextHandler) Enabled(_ context.Context, level Level) bool

Enabled reports whether the handler handles records at the given level. The handler ignores records whose level is lower.

func (*TextHandler) Handle 

func (h *TextHandler) Handle(_ context.Context, r Record) error

Handle formats its argument Record as a single line of space-separated key=value items.

If the Record's time is zero, the time is omitted. Otherwise, the key is "time" and the value is output in RFC3339 format with millisecond precision.

If the Record's level is zero, the level is omitted. Otherwise, the key is "level" and the value of Level.String is output.

If the AddSource option is set and source information is available, the key is "source" and the value is output as FILE:LINE.

The message's key is "msg".

To modify these or other attributes, or remove them from the output, use [HandlerOptions.ReplaceAttr].

If a value implements encoding.TextMarshaler, the result of MarshalText is written. Otherwise, the result of fmt.Sprint is written.

Keys and values are quoted with strconv.Quote if they contain Unicode space characters, non-printing characters, '"' or '='.

Keys inside groups consist of components (keys or group names) separated by dots. No further escaping is performed. Thus there is no way to determine from the key "a.b.c" whether there are two groups "a" and "b" and a key "c", or a single group "a.b" and a key "c", or single group "a" and a key "b.c". If it is necessary to reconstruct the group structure of a key even in the presence of dots inside components, use [HandlerOptions.ReplaceAttr] to encode that information in the key.

Each call to Handle results in a single serialized call to io.Writer.Write.

func (*TextHandler) WithAttrs 

func (h *TextHandler) WithAttrs(attrs []Attr) Handler

WithAttrs returns a new TextHandler whose attributes consists of h's attributes followed by attrs.

func (*TextHandler) WithGroup 

func (h *TextHandler) WithGroup(name string) Handler

type Value 

type Value struct {
	// contains filtered or unexported fields
}

A Value can represent any Go value, but unlike type any, it can represent most small values without an allocation. The zero Value corresponds to nil.

func AnyValue 

func AnyValue(v any) Value

AnyValue returns a Value for the supplied value.

If the supplied value is of type Value, it is returned unmodified.

Given a value of one of Go's predeclared string, bool, or (non-complex) numeric types, AnyValue returns a Value of kind String, Bool, Uint64, Int64, or Float64. The width of the original numeric type is not preserved.

Given a time.Time or time.Duration value, AnyValue returns a Value of kind KindTime or KindDuration. The monotonic time is not preserved.

For nil, or values of all other types, including named types whose underlying type is numeric, AnyValue returns a value of kind KindAny.

func BoolValue 

func BoolValue(v bool) Value

BoolValue returns a Value for a bool.

func DurationValue 

func DurationValue(v time.Duration) Value

DurationValue returns a Value for a time.Duration.

func Float64Value 

func Float64Value(v float64) Value

Float64Value returns a Value for a floating-point number.

func GroupValue 

func GroupValue(as ...Attr) Value

GroupValue returns a new Value for a list of Attrs. The caller must not subsequently mutate the argument slice.

func Int64Value 

func Int64Value(v int64) Value

Int64Value returns a Value for an int64.

func IntValue 

func IntValue(v int) Value

IntValue returns a Value for an int.

func StringValue 

func StringValue(value string) Value

StringValue returns a new Value for a string.

func TimeValue 

func TimeValue(v time.Time) Value

TimeValue returns a Value for a time.Time. It discards the monotonic portion.

func Uint64Value 

func Uint64Value(v uint64) Value

Uint64Value returns a Value for a uint64.

func (Value) Any 

func (v Value) Any() any

Any returns v's value as an any.

func (Value) Bool 

func (v Value) Bool() bool

Bool returns v's value as a bool. It panics if v is not a bool.

func (Value) Duration 

func (v Value) Duration() time.Duration

Duration returns v's value as a time.Duration. It panics if v is not a time.Duration.

func (Value) Equal 

func (v Value) Equal(w Value) bool

Equal reports whether v and w represent the same Go value.

func (Value) Float64 

func (v Value) Float64() float64

Float64 returns v's value as a float64. It panics if v is not a float64.

func (Value) Group 

func (v Value) Group() []Attr

Group returns v's value as a []Attr. It panics if v's Kind is not KindGroup.

func (Value) Int64 

func (v Value) Int64() int64

Int64 returns v's value as an int64. It panics if v is not a signed integer.

func (Value) Kind 

func (v Value) Kind() Kind

Kind returns v's Kind.

func (Value) LogValuer 

func (v Value) LogValuer() LogValuer

LogValuer returns v's value as a LogValuer. It panics if v is not a LogValuer.

func (Value) Resolve 

func (v Value) Resolve() (rv Value)

Resolve repeatedly calls LogValue on v while it implements LogValuer, and returns the result. If v resolves to a group, the group's attributes' values are not recursively resolved. If the number of LogValue calls exceeds a threshold, a Value containing an error is returned. Resolve's return value is guaranteed not to be of Kind KindLogValuer.

func (Value) String 

func (v Value) String() string

String returns Value's value as a string, formatted like fmt.Sprint. Unlike the methods Int64, Float64, and so on, which panic if v is of the wrong kind, String never panics.

func (Value) Time 

func (v Value) Time() time.Time

Time returns v's value as a time.Time. It panics if v is not a time.Time.

func (Value) Uint64 

func (v Value) Uint64() uint64

Uint64 returns v's value as a uint64. It panics if v is not an unsigned integer.

Source Files

View all Source files

Directories

Path Synopsis
Package benchmarks contains benchmarks for slog.
 Package benchmarks contains benchmarks for slog.
zap_benchmarks Module
zapbenchmarks Module
buffer
Package buffer provides a pool-allocated byte buffer.
 Package buffer provides a pool-allocated byte buffer.
testutil
Package testutil contains support functions for testing.
 Package testutil contains support functions for testing.

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