url

package standard library
go1.12.4 Latest Latest
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 Go to latest Published: Apr 11, 2019 License: BSD-3-Clause Imports: 5 Imported by: 410,361

Documentation

Overview

Package url parses URLs and implements query escaping.

Index

Examples

Constants

This section is empty.

Variables

This section is empty.

Functions

func PathEscape added in go1.8 

func PathEscape(s string) string

PathEscape escapes the string so it can be safely placed inside a URL path segment.

func PathUnescape added in go1.8 

func PathUnescape(s string) (string, error)

PathUnescape does the inverse transformation of PathEscape, converting each 3-byte encoded substring of the form "%AB" into the hex-decoded byte 0xAB. It returns an error if any % is not followed by two hexadecimal digits.

PathUnescape is identical to QueryUnescape except that it does not unescape '+' to ' ' (space).

func QueryEscape 

func QueryEscape(s string) string

QueryEscape escapes the string so it can be safely placed inside a URL query.

func QueryUnescape 

func QueryUnescape(s string) (string, error)

QueryUnescape does the inverse transformation of QueryEscape, converting each 3-byte encoded substring of the form "%AB" into the hex-decoded byte 0xAB. It returns an error if any % is not followed by two hexadecimal digits.

Types

type Error 

type Error struct {
	Op  string
	URL string
	Err error
}

Error reports an error and the operation and URL that caused it.

func (*Error) Error 

func (e *Error) Error() string

func (*Error) Temporary added in go1.6 

func (e *Error) Temporary() bool

func (*Error) Timeout added in go1.6 

func (e *Error) Timeout() bool

type EscapeError 

type EscapeError string

func (EscapeError) Error 

func (e EscapeError) Error() string

type InvalidHostError added in go1.6 

type InvalidHostError string

func (InvalidHostError) Error added in go1.6 

func (e InvalidHostError) Error() string

type URL 

type URL struct {
	Scheme     string
	Opaque     string    // encoded opaque data
	User       *Userinfo // username and password information
	Host       string    // host or host:port
	Path       string    // path (relative paths may omit leading slash)
	RawPath    string    // encoded path hint (see EscapedPath method)
	ForceQuery bool      // append a query ('?') even if RawQuery is empty
	RawQuery   string    // encoded query values, without '?'
	Fragment   string    // fragment for references, without '#'
}

A URL represents a parsed URL (technically, a URI reference).

The general form represented is: 

[scheme:][//[userinfo@]host][/]path[?query][#fragment]

URLs that do not start with a slash after the scheme are interpreted as: 

scheme:opaque[?query][#fragment]

Note that the Path field is stored in decoded form: /%47%6f%2f becomes /Go/. A consequence is that it is impossible to tell which slashes in the Path were slashes in the raw URL and which were %2f. This distinction is rarely important, but when it is, code must not use Path directly. The Parse function sets both Path and RawPath in the URL it returns, and URL's String method uses RawPath if it is a valid encoding of Path, by calling the EscapedPath method.

Example 
package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"log"
	"net/url"
)

func main() {
	u, err := url.Parse("http://bing.com/search?q=dotnet")
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
	u.Scheme = "https"
	u.Host = "google.com"
	q := u.Query()
	q.Set("q", "golang")
	u.RawQuery = q.Encode()
	fmt.Println(u)
}

Output:

https://google.com/search?q=golang
Example (Roundtrip) 
package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"log"
	"net/url"
)

func main() {
	// Parse + String preserve the original encoding.
	u, err := url.Parse("https://example.com/foo%2fbar")
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
	fmt.Println(u.Path)
	fmt.Println(u.RawPath)
	fmt.Println(u.String())
}

Output:

/foo/bar
/foo%2fbar
https://example.com/foo%2fbar

func Parse 

func Parse(rawurl string) (*URL, error)

Parse parses rawurl into a URL structure.

The rawurl may be relative (a path, without a host) or absolute (starting with a scheme). Trying to parse a hostname and path without a scheme is invalid but may not necessarily return an error, due to parsing ambiguities.

func ParseRequestURI 

func ParseRequestURI(rawurl string) (*URL, error)

ParseRequestURI parses rawurl into a URL structure. It assumes that rawurl was received in an HTTP request, so the rawurl is interpreted only as an absolute URI or an absolute path. The string rawurl is assumed not to have a #fragment suffix. (Web browsers strip #fragment before sending the URL to a web server.)

func (*URL) EscapedPath added in go1.5 

func (u *URL) EscapedPath() string

EscapedPath returns the escaped form of u.Path. In general there are multiple possible escaped forms of any path. EscapedPath returns u.RawPath when it is a valid escaping of u.Path. Otherwise EscapedPath ignores u.RawPath and computes an escaped form on its own. The String and RequestURI methods use EscapedPath to construct their results. In general, code should call EscapedPath instead of reading u.RawPath directly.

Example 
package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"log"
	"net/url"
)

func main() {
	u, err := url.Parse("http://example.com/path with spaces")
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
	fmt.Println(u.EscapedPath())
}

Output:

/path%20with%20spaces

func (*URL) Hostname added in go1.8 

func (u *URL) Hostname() string

Hostname returns u.Host, without any port number.

If Host is an IPv6 literal with a port number, Hostname returns the IPv6 literal without the square brackets. IPv6 literals may include a zone identifier.

Example 
package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"log"
	"net/url"
)

func main() {
	u, err := url.Parse("https://example.org:8000/path")
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
	fmt.Println(u.Hostname())
	u, err = url.Parse("https://[2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334]:17000")
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
	fmt.Println(u.Hostname())
}

Output:

example.org
2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334

func (*URL) IsAbs 

func (u *URL) IsAbs() bool

IsAbs reports whether the URL is absolute. Absolute means that it has a non-empty scheme.

Example 
package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"net/url"
)

func main() {
	u := url.URL{Host: "example.com", Path: "foo"}
	fmt.Println(u.IsAbs())
	u.Scheme = "http"
	fmt.Println(u.IsAbs())
}

Output:

false
true

func (*URL) MarshalBinary added in go1.8 

func (u *URL) MarshalBinary() (text []byte, err error)
Example 
package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"log"
	"net/url"
)

func main() {
	u, _ := url.Parse("https://example.org")
	b, err := u.MarshalBinary()
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
	fmt.Printf("%s\n", b)
}

Output:

https://example.org

func (*URL) Parse 

func (u *URL) Parse(ref string) (*URL, error)

Parse parses a URL in the context of the receiver. The provided URL may be relative or absolute. Parse returns nil, err on parse failure, otherwise its return value is the same as ResolveReference.

Example 
package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"log"
	"net/url"
)

func main() {
	u, err := url.Parse("https://example.org")
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
	rel, err := u.Parse("/foo")
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
	fmt.Println(rel)
	_, err = u.Parse(":foo")
	if _, ok := err.(*url.Error); !ok {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
}

Output:

https://example.org/foo

func (*URL) Port added in go1.8 

func (u *URL) Port() string

Port returns the port part of u.Host, without the leading colon. If u.Host doesn't contain a port, Port returns an empty string.

Example 
package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"log"
	"net/url"
)

func main() {
	u, err := url.Parse("https://example.org")
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
	fmt.Println(u.Port())
	u, err = url.Parse("https://example.org:8080")
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
	fmt.Println(u.Port())
}

Output:


8080

func (*URL) Query 

func (u *URL) Query() Values

Query parses RawQuery and returns the corresponding values. It silently discards malformed value pairs. To check errors use ParseQuery.

Example 
package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"log"
	"net/url"
)

func main() {
	u, err := url.Parse("https://example.org/?a=1&a=2&b=&=3&&&&")
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
	q := u.Query()
	fmt.Println(q["a"])
	fmt.Println(q.Get("b"))
	fmt.Println(q.Get(""))
}

Output:

[1 2]

3

func (*URL) RequestURI 

func (u *URL) RequestURI() string

RequestURI returns the encoded path?query or opaque?query string that would be used in an HTTP request for u.

Example 
package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"log"
	"net/url"
)

func main() {
	u, err := url.Parse("https://example.org/path?foo=bar")
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
	fmt.Println(u.RequestURI())
}

Output:

/path?foo=bar

func (*URL) ResolveReference 

func (u *URL) ResolveReference(ref *URL) *URL

ResolveReference resolves a URI reference to an absolute URI from an absolute base URI u, per RFC 3986 Section 5.2. The URI reference may be relative or absolute. ResolveReference always returns a new URL instance, even if the returned URL is identical to either the base or reference. If ref is an absolute URL, then ResolveReference ignores base and returns a copy of ref.

Example 
package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"log"
	"net/url"
)

func main() {
	u, err := url.Parse("../../..//search?q=dotnet")
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
	base, err := url.Parse("http://example.com/directory/")
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
	fmt.Println(base.ResolveReference(u))
}

Output:

http://example.com/search?q=dotnet

func (*URL) String 

func (u *URL) String() string

String reassembles the URL into a valid URL string. The general form of the result is one of: 

scheme:opaque?query#fragment
scheme://userinfo@host/path?query#fragment

If u.Opaque is non-empty, String uses the first form; otherwise it uses the second form. Any non-ASCII characters in host are escaped. To obtain the path, String uses u.EscapedPath().

In the second form, the following rules apply:

  • if u.Scheme is empty, scheme: is omitted.
  • if u.User is nil, userinfo@ is omitted.
  • if u.Host is empty, host/ is omitted.
  • if u.Scheme and u.Host are empty and u.User is nil, the entire scheme://userinfo@host/ is omitted.
  • if u.Host is non-empty and u.Path begins with a /, the form host/path does not add its own /.
  • if u.RawQuery is empty, ?query is omitted.
  • if u.Fragment is empty, #fragment is omitted.
Example 
package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"net/url"
)

func main() {
	u := &url.URL{
		Scheme:   "https",
		User:     url.UserPassword("me", "pass"),
		Host:     "example.com",
		Path:     "foo/bar",
		RawQuery: "x=1&y=2",
		Fragment: "anchor",
	}
	fmt.Println(u.String())
	u.Opaque = "opaque"
	fmt.Println(u.String())
}

Output:

https://me:pass@example.com/foo/bar?x=1&y=2#anchor
https:opaque?x=1&y=2#anchor

func (*URL) UnmarshalBinary added in go1.8 

func (u *URL) UnmarshalBinary(text []byte) error
Example 
package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"log"
	"net/url"
)

func main() {
	u := &url.URL{}
	err := u.UnmarshalBinary([]byte("https://example.org/foo"))
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
	fmt.Printf("%s\n", u)
}

Output:

https://example.org/foo

type Userinfo 

type Userinfo struct {
	// contains filtered or unexported fields
}

The Userinfo type is an immutable encapsulation of username and password details for a URL. An existing Userinfo value is guaranteed to have a username set (potentially empty, as allowed by RFC 2396), and optionally a password.

func User 

func User(username string) *Userinfo

User returns a Userinfo containing the provided username and no password set.

func UserPassword 

func UserPassword(username, password string) *Userinfo

UserPassword returns a Userinfo containing the provided username and password.

This functionality should only be used with legacy web sites. RFC 2396 warns that interpreting Userinfo this way “is NOT RECOMMENDED, because the passing of authentication information in clear text (such as URI) has proven to be a security risk in almost every case where it has been used.”

func (*Userinfo) Password 

func (u *Userinfo) Password() (string, bool)

Password returns the password in case it is set, and whether it is set.

func (*Userinfo) String 

func (u *Userinfo) String() string

String returns the encoded userinfo information in the standard form of "username[:password]".

func (*Userinfo) Username 

func (u *Userinfo) Username() string

Username returns the username.

type Values 

type Values map[string][]string

Values maps a string key to a list of values. It is typically used for query parameters and form values. Unlike in the http.Header map, the keys in a Values map are case-sensitive.

Example 
package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"net/url"
)

func main() {
	v := url.Values{}
	v.Set("name", "Ava")
	v.Add("friend", "Jess")
	v.Add("friend", "Sarah")
	v.Add("friend", "Zoe")
	// v.Encode() == "name=Ava&friend=Jess&friend=Sarah&friend=Zoe"
	fmt.Println(v.Get("name"))
	fmt.Println(v.Get("friend"))
	fmt.Println(v["friend"])
}

Output:

Ava
Jess
[Jess Sarah Zoe]

func ParseQuery 

func ParseQuery(query string) (Values, error)

ParseQuery parses the URL-encoded query string and returns a map listing the values specified for each key. ParseQuery always returns a non-nil map containing all the valid query parameters found; err describes the first decoding error encountered, if any.

Query is expected to be a list of key=value settings separated by ampersands or semicolons. A setting without an equals sign is interpreted as a key set to an empty value.

Example 
package main

import (
	"encoding/json"
	"fmt"
	"log"
	"net/url"
	"strings"
)

func main() {
	m, err := url.ParseQuery(`x=1&y=2&y=3;z`)
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
	fmt.Println(toJSON(m))
}

func toJSON(m interface{}) string {
	js, err := json.Marshal(m)
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
	return strings.ReplaceAll(string(js), ",", ", ")
}

Output:

{"x":["1"], "y":["2", "3"], "z":[""]}

func (Values) Add 

func (v Values) Add(key, value string)

Add adds the value to key. It appends to any existing values associated with key.

func (Values) Del 

func (v Values) Del(key string)

Del deletes the values associated with key.

func (Values) Encode 

func (v Values) Encode() string

Encode encodes the values into “URL encoded” form ("bar=baz&foo=quux") sorted by key.

func (Values) Get 

func (v Values) Get(key string) string

Get gets the first value associated with the given key. If there are no values associated with the key, Get returns the empty string. To access multiple values, use the map directly.

func (Values) Set 

func (v Values) Set(key, value string)

Set sets the key to value. It replaces any existing values.

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