README
¶
vellum
A Go library implementing an FST (finite state transducer) capable of:
- mapping between keys ([]byte) and a value (uint64)
- enumerating keys in lexicographic order
Some additional goals of this implementation:
- bounded memory use while building the FST
- streaming out FST data while building
- mmap FST runtime to support very large FTSs (optional)
Usage
Building an FST
To build an FST, create a new builder using the New() method. This method takes an io.Writer as an argument. As the FST is being built, data will be streamed to the writer as soon as possible. With this builder you MUST insert keys in lexicographic order. Inserting keys out of order will result in an error. After inserting the last key into the builder, you MUST call Close() on the builder. This will flush all remaining data to the underlying writer.
In memory:
var buf bytes.Buffer
builder, err := vellum.New(&buf, nil)
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
To disk:
f, err := os.Create("/tmp/vellum.fst")
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
builder, err := vellum.New(f, nil)
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
MUST insert keys in lexicographic order:
err = builder.Insert([]byte("cat"), 1)
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
err = builder.Insert([]byte("dog"), 2)
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
err = builder.Insert([]byte("fish"), 3)
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
err = builder.Close()
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
Using an FST
After closing the builder, the data can be used to instantiate an FST. If the data was written to disk, you can use the Open() method to mmap the file. If the data is already in memory, or you wish to load/mmap the data yourself, you can instantiate the FST with the Load() method.
Load in memory:
fst, err := vellum.Load(buf.Bytes())
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
Open from disk:
fst, err := vellum.Open("/tmp/vellum.fst")
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
Get key/value:
val, exists, err = fst.Get([]byte("dog"))
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
if exists {
fmt.Printf("contains dog with val: %d\n", val)
} else {
fmt.Printf("does not contain dog")
}
Iterate key/values:
itr, err := fst.Iterator(startKeyInclusive, endKeyExclusive)
for err == nil {
key, val := itr.Current()
fmt.Printf("contains key: %s val: %d", key, val)
err = itr.Next()
}
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
How does the FST get built?
A full example of the implementation is beyond the scope of this README, but let's consider a small example where we want to insert 3 key/value pairs.
First we insert "are" with the value 4.
Next, we insert "ate" with the value 2.
Notice how the values associated with the transitions were adjusted so that by summing them while traversing we still get the expected value.
At this point, we see that state 5 looks like state 3, and state 4 looks like state 2. But, we cannot yet combine them because future inserts could change this.
Now, we insert "see" with value 3. Once it has been added, we now know that states 5 and 4 can longer change. Since they are identical to 3 and 2, we replace them.
Again, we see that states 7 and 8 appear to be identical to 2 and 3.
Having inserted our last key, we call Close() on the builder.
Now, states 7 and 8 can safely be replaced with 2 and 3.
For additional information, see the references at the bottom of this document.
What does the serialized format look like?
We've broken out a separate document on the vellum disk format v1.
What if I want to use this on a system that doesn't have mmap?
The mmap library itself is guarded with system/architecture build tags, but we've also added an additional build tag in vellum. If you'd like to Open() a file based representation of an FST, but not use mmap, you can build the library with the nommap build tag. NOTE: if you do this, the entire FST will be read into memory.
Can I use this with Unicode strings?
Yes, however this implementation is only aware of the byte representation you choose. In order to find matches, you must work with some canonical byte representation of the string. In the future, some encoding-aware traversals may be possible on top of the lower-level byte transitions.
How did this library come to be?
In my work on the Bleve project I became aware of the power of the FST for many search-related tasks. The obvious starting point for such a thing in Go was the mafsa project. While working with mafsa I encountered some issues. First, it did not stream data to disk while building. Second, it chose to use a rune as the fundamental unit of transition in the FST, but I felt using a byte would be more powerful in the end. My hope is that higher-level encoding-aware traversals will be possible when necessary. Finally, as I reported bugs and submitted PRs I learned that the mafsa project was mainly a research project and no longer being maintained. I wanted to build something that could be used in production. As the project advanced more and more techniques from the BurntSushi/fst were adapted to our implementation.
Are there tools to work with vellum files?
Under the cmd/vellum subdirectory, there's a command-line tool which features subcommands that can allow you to create, inspect and query vellum files.
How can I generate a state transition diagram from a vellum file?
The vellum command-line tool has a "dot" subcommand that can emit graphviz dot output data from an input vellum file. The dot file can in turn be converted into an image using graphviz tools. Example...
$ vellum dot myFile.vellum > output.dot
$ dot -Tpng output.dot -o output.png
Related Work
Much credit goes to two existing projects:
Most of the original implementation here started with my digging into the internals of mafsa. As the implementation progressed, I continued to borrow ideas/approaches from the BurntSushi/fst library as well.
For a great introduction to this topic, please read the blog post Index 1,600,000,000 Keys with Automata and Rust
Documentation
¶
Overview ¶
Package vellum is a library for building, serializing and executing an FST (finite state transducer).
There are two distinct phases, building an FST and using it.
When building an FST, you insert keys ([]byte) and their associated value (uint64). Insert operations MUST be done in lexicographic order. While building the FST, data is streamed to an underlying Writer. At the conclusion of building, you MUST call Close() on the builder.
After completion of the build phase, you can either Open() the FST if you serialized it to disk. Alternatively, if you already have the bytes in memory, you can use Load(). By default, Open() will use mmap to avoid loading the entire file into memory.
Once the FST is ready, you can use the Contains() method to see if a keys is in the FST. You can use the Get() method to see if a key is in the FST and retrieve it's associated value. And, you can use the Iterator method to enumerate key/value pairs within a specified range.
Example ¶
package main
import (
"bytes"
"fmt"
"log"
"github.com/couchbase/vellum"
)
func main() {
var buf bytes.Buffer
builder, err := vellum.New(&buf, nil)
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
err = builder.Insert([]byte("cat"), 1)
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
err = builder.Insert([]byte("dog"), 2)
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
err = builder.Insert([]byte("fish"), 3)
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
err = builder.Close()
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
fst, err := vellum.Load(buf.Bytes())
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
val, exists, err := fst.Get([]byte("cat"))
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
if exists {
fmt.Println(val)
}
val, exists, err = fst.Get([]byte("dog"))
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
if exists {
fmt.Println(val)
}
val, exists, err = fst.Get([]byte("fish"))
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
if exists {
fmt.Println(val)
}
}
Output: 1 2 3
Index ¶
- Variables
- func AutomatonContains(a Automaton, k []byte) bool
- func Merge(w io.Writer, opts *BuilderOpts, itrs []Iterator, f MergeFunc) error
- func MergeMax(vals []uint64) uint64
- func MergeMin(vals []uint64) uint64
- func MergeSum(vals []uint64) uint64
- func TransducerGet(t Transducer, k []byte) (bool, uint64)
- type AlwaysMatch
- type Automaton
- type Builder
- type BuilderOpts
- type FST
- func (f *FST) Accept(addr int, b byte) int
- func (f *FST) AcceptWithVal(addr int, b byte) (int, uint64)
- func (f *FST) CanMatch(addr int) bool
- func (f *FST) Close() error
- func (f *FST) Contains(val []byte) (bool, error)
- func (f *FST) Debug(callback func(int, interface{}) error) error
- func (f *FST) Get(input []byte) (uint64, bool, error)
- func (f *FST) GetMaxKey() ([]byte, error)
- func (f *FST) GetMinKey() ([]byte, error)
- func (f *FST) IsMatch(addr int) bool
- func (f *FST) IsMatchWithVal(addr int) (bool, uint64)
- func (f *FST) Iterator(startKeyInclusive, endKeyExclusive []byte) (*FSTIterator, error)
- func (f *FST) Len() int
- func (f *FST) Reader() (*Reader, error)
- func (f *FST) Search(aut Automaton, startKeyInclusive, endKeyExclusive []byte) (*FSTIterator, error)
- func (f *FST) Start() int
- func (f *FST) Type() int
- func (f *FST) Version() int
- func (f *FST) WillAlwaysMatch(int) bool
- type FSTIterator
- type Iterator
- type MergeFunc
- type MergeIterator
- type Reader
- type Transducer
Examples ¶
Constants ¶
This section is empty.
Variables ¶
var ErrIteratorDone = errors.New("iterator-done")
ErrIteratorDone is returned by Iterator/Next/Seek methods when the Current() value pointed to by the iterator is greater than the last key in this FST, or outside the configured startKeyInclusive/endKeyExclusive range of the Iterator.
var ErrOutOfOrder = errors.New("values not inserted in lexicographic order")
ErrOutOfOrder is returned when values are not inserted in lexicographic order.
Functions ¶
func AutomatonContains ¶
AutomatonContains implements an generic Contains() method which works on any implementation of Automaton
func Merge ¶
Merge will iterate through the provided Iterators, merge duplicate keys with the provided MergeFunc, and build a new FST to the provided Writer.
func TransducerGet ¶
func TransducerGet(t Transducer, k []byte) (bool, uint64)
TransducerGet implements an generic Get() method which works on any implementation of Transducer The caller MUST check the boolean return value for a match. Zero is a valid value regardless of match status, and if it is NOT a match, the value collected so far is returned.
Types ¶
type AlwaysMatch ¶
type AlwaysMatch struct{}
AlwaysMatch is an Automaton implementation which always matches
func (*AlwaysMatch) Accept ¶
func (m *AlwaysMatch) Accept(int, byte) int
Accept returns the next AlwaysMatch state
func (*AlwaysMatch) CanMatch ¶
func (m *AlwaysMatch) CanMatch(int) bool
CanMatch always returns true
func (*AlwaysMatch) Start ¶
func (m *AlwaysMatch) Start() int
Start returns the AlwaysMatch start state
func (*AlwaysMatch) WillAlwaysMatch ¶
func (m *AlwaysMatch) WillAlwaysMatch(int) bool
WillAlwaysMatch always returns true
type Automaton ¶
type Automaton interface {
// Start returns the start state
Start() int
// IsMatch returns true if and only if the state is a match
IsMatch(int) bool
// CanMatch returns true if and only if it is possible to reach a match
// in zero or more steps
CanMatch(int) bool
// WillAlwaysMatch returns true if and only if the current state matches
// and will always match no matter what steps are taken
WillAlwaysMatch(int) bool
// Accept returns the next state given the input to the specified state
Accept(int, byte) int
}
Automaton represents the general contract of a byte-based finite automaton
type Builder ¶
type Builder struct {
// contains filtered or unexported fields
}
A Builder is used to build a new FST. When possible data is streamed out to the underlying Writer as soon as possible.
func New ¶
func New(w io.Writer, opts *BuilderOpts) (*Builder, error)
New returns a new Builder which will stream out the underlying representation to the provided Writer as the set is built.
type BuilderOpts ¶
BuilderOpts is a structure to let advanced users customize the behavior of the builder and some aspects of the generated FST.
type FST ¶
type FST struct {
// contains filtered or unexported fields
}
FST is an in-memory representation of a finite state transducer, capable of returning the uint64 value associated with each []byte key stored, as well as enumerating all of the keys in order.
func (*FST) AcceptWithVal ¶
AcceptWithVal returns the next state for this Automaton on input of byte b and also returns the output value for the transition
func (*FST) CanMatch ¶
CanMatch returns if this state can ever transition to a matching state in this Automaton
func (*FST) Close ¶
Close will unmap any mmap'd data (if managed by vellum) and it will close the backing file (if managed by vellum). You MUST call Close() for any FST instance that is created.
func (*FST) Debug ¶
Debug is only intended for debug purposes, it simply asks the underlying decoder visit each state, and pass it to the provided callback.
func (*FST) Get ¶
Get returns the value associated with the key. NOTE: a value of zero does not imply the key does not exist, you must consult the second return value as well.
func (*FST) IsMatchWithVal ¶
IsMatchWithVal returns if this state is a matching state in this Automaton and also returns the final output value for this state
func (*FST) Iterator ¶
func (f *FST) Iterator(startKeyInclusive, endKeyExclusive []byte) (*FSTIterator, error)
Iterator returns a new Iterator capable of enumerating the key/value pairs between the provided startKeyInclusive and endKeyExclusive.
func (*FST) Reader ¶
Reader() returns a Reader instance that a single thread may use to retrieve data from the FST
func (*FST) Search ¶
func (f *FST) Search(aut Automaton, startKeyInclusive, endKeyExclusive []byte) (*FSTIterator, error)
Search returns a new Iterator capable of enumerating the key/value pairs between the provided startKeyInclusive and endKeyExclusive that also satisfy the provided automaton.
func (*FST) WillAlwaysMatch ¶
WillAlwaysMatch returns if from this state the Automaton will always be in a matching state
type FSTIterator ¶
type FSTIterator struct {
// contains filtered or unexported fields
}
FSTIterator is a structure for iterating key/value pairs in this FST in lexicographic order. Iterators should be constructed with the FSTIterator method on the parent FST structure.
func (*FSTIterator) Close ¶
func (i *FSTIterator) Close() error
Close will free any resources held by this iterator.
func (*FSTIterator) Current ¶
func (i *FSTIterator) Current() ([]byte, uint64)
Current returns the key and value currently pointed to by the iterator. If the iterator is not pointing at a valid value (because Iterator/Next/Seek) returned an error previously, it may return nil,0.
func (*FSTIterator) Next ¶
func (i *FSTIterator) Next() error
Next advances this iterator to the next key/value pair. If there is none or the advancement goes beyond the configured endKeyExclusive, then ErrIteratorDone is returned.
func (*FSTIterator) Reset ¶
func (i *FSTIterator) Reset(f *FST, startKeyInclusive, endKeyExclusive []byte, aut Automaton) error
Reset resets the Iterator' internal state to allow for iterator reuse (e.g. pooling).
func (*FSTIterator) Seek ¶
func (i *FSTIterator) Seek(key []byte) error
Seek advances this iterator to the specified key/value pair. If this key is not in the FST, Current() will return the next largest key. If this seek operation would go past the last key, or outside the configured startKeyInclusive/endKeyExclusive then ErrIteratorDone is returned.
type Iterator ¶
type Iterator interface {
// Current() returns the key/value pair currently pointed to.
// The []byte of the key is ONLY guaranteed to be valid until
// another call to Next/Seek/Close. If you need it beyond that
// point you MUST make a copy.
Current() ([]byte, uint64)
// Next() advances the iterator to the next key/value pair.
// If no more key/value pairs exist, ErrIteratorDone is returned.
Next() error
// Seek() advances the iterator the specified key, or the next key
// if it does not exist.
// If no keys exist after that point, ErrIteratorDone is returned.
Seek(key []byte) error
// Reset resets the Iterator' internal state to allow for iterator
// reuse (e.g. pooling).
Reset(f *FST, startKeyInclusive, endKeyExclusive []byte, aut Automaton) error
// Close() frees any resources held by this iterator.
Close() error
}
Iterator represents a means of visiting key/value pairs in order.
type MergeFunc ¶
MergeFunc is used to choose the new value for a key when merging a slice of iterators, and the same key is observed with multiple values. Values presented to the MergeFunc will be in the same order as the original slice creating the MergeIterator. This allows some MergeFunc implementations to prioritize one iterator over another.
type MergeIterator ¶
type MergeIterator struct {
// contains filtered or unexported fields
}
MergeIterator implements the Iterator interface by traversing a slice of iterators and merging the contents of them. If the same key exists in mulitipe underlying iterators, a user-provided MergeFunc will be invoked to choose the new value.
func NewMergeIterator ¶
func NewMergeIterator(itrs []Iterator, f MergeFunc) (*MergeIterator, error)
NewMergeIterator creates a new MergeIterator over the provided slice of Iterators and with the specified MergeFunc to resolve duplicate keys.
func (*MergeIterator) Close ¶
func (m *MergeIterator) Close() error
Close will attempt to close all the underlying Iterators. If any errors are encountered, the first will be returned.
func (*MergeIterator) Current ¶
func (m *MergeIterator) Current() ([]byte, uint64)
Current returns the key and value currently pointed to by this iterator. If the iterator is not pointing at a valid value (because Iterator/Next/Seek) returned an error previously, it may return nil,0.
func (*MergeIterator) Next ¶
func (m *MergeIterator) Next() error
Next advances this iterator to the next key/value pair. If there is none, then ErrIteratorDone is returned.
func (*MergeIterator) Seek ¶
func (m *MergeIterator) Seek(key []byte) error
Seek advances this iterator to the specified key/value pair. If this key is not in the FST, Current() will return the next largest key. If this seek operation would go past the last key, then ErrIteratorDone is returned.
type Reader ¶
type Reader struct {
// contains filtered or unexported fields
}
A Reader is meant for a single threaded use
type Transducer ¶
type Transducer interface {
// all transducers are also automatons
Automaton
// IsMatchWithValue returns true if and only if the state is a match
// additionally it returns a states final value (if any)
IsMatchWithVal(int) (bool, uint64)
// Accept returns the next state given the input to the specified state
// additionally it returns the value associated with the transition
AcceptWithVal(int, byte) (int, uint64)
}
Transducer represents the general contract of a byte-based finite transducer
Source Files
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Directories
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cmd
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