cron

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cron

Cron V3 has been released!

To download the specific tagged release, run:

go get github.com/robfig/cron/v3@v3.0.0

Import it in your program as:

import "github.com/robfig/cron/v3"

It requires Go 1.11 or later due to usage of Go Modules.

Refer to the documentation here: http://godoc.org/github.com/robfig/cron

The rest of this document describes the the advances in v3 and a list of breaking changes for users that wish to upgrade from an earlier version.

Upgrading to v3 (June 2019)

cron v3 is a major upgrade to the library that addresses all outstanding bugs, feature requests, and rough edges. It is based on a merge of master which contains various fixes to issues found over the years and the v2 branch which contains some backwards-incompatible features like the ability to remove cron jobs. In addition, v3 adds support for Go Modules, cleans up rough edges like the timezone support, and fixes a number of bugs.

New features:

  • Support for Go modules. Callers must now import this library as github.com/robfig/cron/v3, instead of gopkg.in/...

  • Fixed bugs:

    • 0f01e6b parser: fix combining of Dow and Dom (#70)
    • dbf3220 adjust times when rolling the clock forward to handle non-existent midnight (#157)
    • eeecf15 spec_test.go: ensure an error is returned on 0 increment (#144)
    • 70971dc cron.Entries(): update request for snapshot to include a reply channel (#97)
    • 1cba5e6 cron: fix: removing a job causes the next scheduled job to run too late (#206)

  • Standard cron spec parsing by default (first field is "minute"), with an easy way to opt into the seconds field (quartz-compatible). Although, note that the year field (optional in Quartz) is not supported.

  • Extensible, key/value logging via an interface that complies with the https://github.com/go-logr/logr project.

  • The new Chain & JobWrapper types allow you to install "interceptors" to add cross-cutting behavior like the following:

    • Recover any panics from jobs
    • Delay a job's execution if the previous run hasn't completed yet
    • Skip a job's execution if the previous run hasn't completed yet
    • Log each job's invocations
    • Notification when jobs are completed

It is backwards incompatible with both v1 and v2. These updates are required:

  • The v1 branch accepted an optional seconds field at the beginning of the cron spec. This is non-standard and has led to a lot of confusion. The new default parser conforms to the standard as described by the Cron wikipedia page.

    UPDATING: To retain the old behavior, construct your Cron with a custom parser:

    // Seconds field, required
cron.New(cron.WithSeconds())

// Seconds field, optional
cron.New(
    cron.WithParser(
        cron.SecondOptional | cron.Minute | cron.Hour | cron.Dom | cron.Month | cron.Dow | cron.Descriptor))

  • The Cron type now accepts functional options on construction rather than the previous ad-hoc behavior modification mechanisms (setting a field, calling a setter).

    UPDATING: Code that sets Cron.ErrorLogger or calls Cron.SetLocation must be updated to provide those values on construction.

  • CRON_TZ is now the recommended way to specify the timezone of a single schedule, which is sanctioned by the specification. The legacy "TZ=" prefix will continue to be supported since it is unambiguous and easy to do so.

    UPDATING: No update is required.

  • By default, cron will no longer recover panics in jobs that it runs. Recovering can be surprising (see issue #192) and seems to be at odds with typical behavior of libraries. Relatedly, the cron.WithPanicLogger option has been removed to accommodate the more general JobWrapper type.

    UPDATING: To opt into panic recovery and configure the panic logger:

    cron.New(cron.WithChain(
    cron.Recover(logger),  // or use cron.DefaultLogger
))

  • In adding support for https://github.com/go-logr/logr, cron.WithVerboseLogger was removed, since it is duplicative with the leveled logging.

    UPDATING: Callers should use WithLogger and specify a logger that does not discard Info logs. For convenience, one is provided that wraps *log.Logger:

    cron.New(
    cron.WithLogger(cron.VerbosePrintfLogger(logger)))
Background - Cron spec format

There are two cron spec formats in common usage:

The original version of this package included an optional "seconds" field, which made it incompatible with both of these formats. Now, the "standard" format is the default format accepted, and the Quartz format is opt-in.

Documentation

Overview

Package cron implements a cron spec parser and job runner.

Installation

To download the specific tagged release, run: 

go get github.com/small-egg/cron/v3@v3.0.0

Import it in your program as: 

import "github.com/small-egg/cron/v3"

It requires Go 1.11 or later due to usage of Go Modules.

Usage

Callers may register Funcs to be invoked on a given schedule. Cron will run them in their own goroutines. 

c := cron.New()
c.AddFunc("30 * * * *", func() { fmt.Println("Every hour on the half hour") })
c.AddFunc("30 3-6,20-23 * * *", func() { fmt.Println(".. in the range 3-6am, 8-11pm") })
c.AddFunc("CRON_TZ=Asia/Tokyo 30 04 * * * *", func() { fmt.Println("Runs at 04:30 Tokyo time every day") })
c.AddFunc("@hourly",      func() { fmt.Println("Every hour, starting an hour from now") })
c.AddFunc("@every 1h30m", func() { fmt.Println("Every hour thirty, starting an hour thirty from now") })
c.Start()
..
// Funcs are invoked in their own goroutine, asynchronously.
...
// Funcs may also be added to a running Cron
c.AddFunc("@daily", func() { fmt.Println("Every day") })
..
// Inspect the cron job entries' next and previous run times.
inspect(c.Entries())
..
c.Stop()  // Stop the scheduler (does not stop any jobs already running).

CRON Expression Format

A cron expression represents a set of times, using 5 space-separated fields. 

Field name   | Mandatory? | Allowed values  | Allowed special characters
----------   | ---------- | --------------  | --------------------------
Minutes      | Yes        | 0-59            | * / , -
Hours        | Yes        | 0-23            | * / , -
Day of month | Yes        | 1-31            | * / , - ?
Month        | Yes        | 1-12 or JAN-DEC | * / , -
Day of week  | Yes        | 0-6 or SUN-SAT  | * / , - ?

Month and Day-of-week field values are case insensitive. "SUN", "Sun", and "sun" are equally accepted.

The specific interpretation of the format is based on the Cron Wikipedia page: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cron

Alternative Formats

Alternative Cron expression formats support other fields like seconds. You can implement that by creating a custom Parser as follows. 

cron.New(
	cron.WithParser(
		cron.NewParser(
			cron.SecondOptional | cron.Minute | cron.Hour | cron.Dom | cron.Month | cron.Dow | cron.Descriptor)))

Since adding Seconds is the most common modification to the standard cron spec, cron provides a builtin function to do that, which is equivalent to the custom parser you saw earlier, except that its seconds field is REQUIRED: 

cron.New(cron.WithSeconds())

That emulates Quartz, the most popular alternative Cron schedule format: http://www.quartz-scheduler.org/documentation/quartz-2.x/tutorials/crontrigger.html

Special Characters

Asterisk ( * )

The asterisk indicates that the cron expression will match for all values of the field; e.g., using an asterisk in the 5th field (month) would indicate every month.

Slash ( / )

Slashes are used to describe increments of ranges. For example 3-59/15 in the 1st field (minutes) would indicate the 3rd minute of the hour and every 15 minutes thereafter. The form "*\/..." is equivalent to the form "first-last/...", that is, an increment over the largest possible range of the field. The form "N/..." is accepted as meaning "N-MAX/...", that is, starting at N, use the increment until the end of that specific range. It does not wrap around.

Comma ( , )

Commas are used to separate items of a list. For example, using "MON,WED,FRI" in the 5th field (day of week) would mean Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays.

Hyphen ( - )

Hyphens are used to define ranges. For example, 9-17 would indicate every hour between 9am and 5pm inclusive.

Question mark ( ? )

Question mark may be used instead of '*' for leaving either day-of-month or day-of-week blank.

Predefined schedules

You may use one of several pre-defined schedules in place of a cron expression. 

Entry                  | Description                                | Equivalent To
-----                  | -----------                                | -------------
@yearly (or @annually) | Run once a year, midnight, Jan. 1st        | 0 0 1 1 *
@monthly               | Run once a month, midnight, first of month | 0 0 1 * *
@weekly                | Run once a week, midnight between Sat/Sun  | 0 0 * * 0
@daily (or @midnight)  | Run once a day, midnight                   | 0 0 * * *
@hourly                | Run once an hour, beginning of hour        | 0 * * * *

Intervals

You may also schedule a job to execute at fixed intervals, starting at the time it's added or cron is run. This is supported by formatting the cron spec like this: 

@every <duration>

where "duration" is a string accepted by time.ParseDuration (http://golang.org/pkg/time/#ParseDuration).

For example, "@every 1h30m10s" would indicate a schedule that activates after 1 hour, 30 minutes, 10 seconds, and then every interval after that.

Note: The interval does not take the job runtime into account. For example, if a job takes 3 minutes to run, and it is scheduled to run every 5 minutes, it will have only 2 minutes of idle time between each run.

Time zones

By default, all interpretation and scheduling is done in the machine's local time zone (time.Local). You can specify a different time zone on construction: 

cron.New(
    cron.WithLocation(time.UTC))

Individual cron schedules may also override the time zone they are to be interpreted in by providing an additional space-separated field at the beginning of the cron spec, of the form "CRON_TZ=Asia/Tokyo".

For example: 

# Runs at 6am in time.Local
cron.New().AddFunc("0 6 * * ?", ...)

# Runs at 6am in America/New_York
nyc, _ := time.LoadLocation("America/New_York")
c := cron.New(cron.WithLocation(nyc))
c.AddFunc("0 6 * * ?", ...)

# Runs at 6am in Asia/Tokyo
cron.New().AddFunc("CRON_TZ=Asia/Tokyo 0 6 * * ?", ...)

# Runs at 6am in Asia/Tokyo
c := cron.New(cron.WithLocation(nyc))
c.SetLocation("America/New_York")
c.AddFunc("CRON_TZ=Asia/Tokyo 0 6 * * ?", ...)

The prefix "TZ=(TIME ZONE)" is also supported for legacy compatibility.

Be aware that jobs scheduled during daylight-savings leap-ahead transitions will not be run!

Job Wrappers

A Cron runner may be configured with a chain of job wrappers to add cross-cutting functionality to all submitted jobs. For example, they may be used to achieve the following effects:

  • Recover any panics from jobs (activated by default)
  • Delay a job's execution if the previous run hasn't completed yet
  • Skip a job's execution if the previous run hasn't completed yet
  • Log each job's invocations

Install wrappers for all jobs added to a cron using the `cron.WithChain` option: 

cron.New(cron.WithChain(
	cron.SkipIfStillRunning(logger),
))

Install wrappers for individual jobs by explicitly wrapping them: 

job = cron.NewChain(
	cron.SkipIfStillRunning(logger),
).Then(job)

Thread safety

Since the Cron service runs concurrently with the calling code, some amount of care must be taken to ensure proper synchronization.

All cron methods are designed to be correctly synchronized as long as the caller ensures that invocations have a clear happens-before ordering between them.

Logging

Cron defines a Logger interface that is a subset of the one defined in github.com/go-logr/logr. It has two logging levels (Info and Error), and parameters are key/value pairs. This makes it possible for cron logging to plug into structured logging systems. An adapter, [Verbose]PrintfLogger, is provided to wrap the standard library *log.Logger.

For additional insight into Cron operations, verbose logging may be activated which will record job runs, scheduling decisions, and added or removed jobs. Activate it with a one-off logger as follows: 

cron.New(
	cron.WithLogger(
		cron.VerbosePrintfLogger(log.New(os.Stdout, "cron: ", log.LstdFlags))))

Implementation

Cron entries are stored in an array, sorted by their next activation time. Cron sleeps until the next job is due to be run.

Upon waking:

  • it runs each entry that is active on that second
  • it calculates the next run times for the jobs that were run
  • it re-sorts the array of entries by next activation time.
  • it goes to sleep until the soonest job.

Index

Constants

This section is empty.

Variables

This section is empty.

Functions

func WrapJob 

func WrapJob(j manager.Job, do func(store.Entry) error) manager.Job

Types

type Chain 

type Chain struct {
	// contains filtered or unexported fields
}

Chain is a sequence of JobWrappers that decorates submitted jobs with cross-cutting behaviors like logging or synchronization.

func NewChain 

func NewChain(c ...JobWrapper) Chain

NewChain returns a Chain consisting of the given JobWrappers.

func (Chain) Then 

func (c Chain) Then(j manager.Job) manager.Job

Then decorates the given job with all JobWrappers in the chain.

This: 

NewChain(m1, m2, m3).Then(job)

is equivalent to: 

m1(m2(m3(job)))

type Cron 

type Cron struct {
	// contains filtered or unexported fields
}

Cron keeps track of any number of entries, invoking the associated func as specified by the schedule. It may be started, stopped, and the entries may be inspected while running.

func New 

func New(opts ...Option) *Cron

New returns a new Cron job manager, modified by the given options.

Available Settings 

Time Zone
  Description: The time zone in which schedules are interpreted
  None:     time.Local

Parser
  Description: Parser converts cron spec strings into cron.Schedules.
  None:     Accepts this spec: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cron

Chain
  Description: Wrap submitted jobs to customize behavior.
  None:     A chain that recovers panics and logs them to stderr.

See "cron.With*" to modify the default behavior.

func (*Cron) EditEntry 

func (c *Cron) EditEntry(id store.EntryID, setters ...store.JobSetter) error

func (*Cron) Entries 

func (c *Cron) Entries() ([]store.Entry, error)

Entries returns a snapshot of the cron entries.

func (*Cron) Entry 

func (c *Cron) Entry(id store.EntryID) (store.Entry, error)

Entry returns a snapshot of the given entry, or nil if it couldn't be found.

func (*Cron) Location 

func (c *Cron) Location() *time.Location

Location gets the time zone location

func (*Cron) RegisterFunc 

func (c *Cron) RegisterFunc(jobType store.EntryType, cmd FuncJob)

func (*Cron) RegisterJob 

func (c *Cron) RegisterJob(jobType store.EntryType, cmd manager.Job)

func (*Cron) Remove 

func (c *Cron) Remove(id store.EntryID) error

Remove an entry from being run in the future.

func (*Cron) Run 

func (c *Cron) Run()

Run the cron scheduler, or no-op if already running.

func (*Cron) RunJob 

func (c *Cron) RunJob(id store.EntryID) error

func (*Cron) Schedule 

func (c *Cron) Schedule(jobType store.EntryType, schedule schedule.Schedule, payload []byte) (store.EntryID, error)

Schedule adds a Job to the Cron to be run on the given schedule. The job is wrapped with the configured Chain.

func (*Cron) SpecSchedule 

func (c *Cron) SpecSchedule(jobType store.EntryType, spec string, payload []byte) (store.EntryID, error)

SpecSchedule adds a Job to the Cron to be run on the given schedule. The spec is parsed using the time zone of this Cron instance as the default. An opaque ID is returned that can be used to later remove it.

func (*Cron) Start 

func (c *Cron) Start()

Start the cron scheduler in its own goroutine, or no-op if already started.

func (*Cron) Stop 

func (c *Cron) Stop() context.Context

Stop stops the cron scheduler if it is running; otherwise it does nothing. A context is returned so the caller can wait for running jobs to complete.

type FuncJob 

type FuncJob func(store.Entry) error

FuncJob is a wrapper that turns a func() into a cron.Job

func (FuncJob) LoadPayload 

func (f FuncJob) LoadPayload([]byte) error

func (FuncJob) New 

func (f FuncJob) New() manager.Job

func (FuncJob) Run 

func (f FuncJob) Run(e store.Entry) error

type JobWrapper 

type JobWrapper func(manager.Job) manager.Job

JobWrapper decorates the given Job with some behavior.

func DelayIfStillRunning 

func DelayIfStillRunning(logger Logger) JobWrapper

DelayIfStillRunning serializes jobs, delaying subsequent runs until the previous one is complete. Jobs running after a delay of more than a minute have the delay logged at Info.

func Recover 

func Recover(logger Logger) JobWrapper

Recover panics in wrapped jobs and log them with the provided logger.

func SkipIfStillRunning 

func SkipIfStillRunning(logger Logger) JobWrapper

SkipIfStillRunning skips an invocation of the Job if a previous invocation is still running. It logs skips to the given logger at Info level.

type Logger 

type Logger interface {
	// Info logs routine messages about cron's operation.
	Info(msg string, keysAndValues ...interface{})
	// Error logs an error condition.
	Error(err error, msg string, keysAndValues ...interface{})
}

Logger is the interface used in this package for logging, so that any backend can be plugged in. It is a subset of the github.com/go-logr/logr interface. 

var DefaultLogger Logger = PrintfLogger(log.New(os.Stdout, "cron: ", log.LstdFlags))

DefaultLogger is used by Cron if none is specified. 

var DiscardLogger Logger = PrintfLogger(log.New(ioutil.Discard, "", 0))

DiscardLogger can be used by callers to discard all log messages.

func PrintfLogger 

func PrintfLogger(l interface{ Printf(string, ...interface{}) }) Logger

PrintfLogger wraps a Printf-based logger (such as the standard library "log") into an implementation of the Logger interface which logs errors only.

func VerbosePrintfLogger 

func VerbosePrintfLogger(l interface{ Printf(string, ...interface{}) }) Logger

VerbosePrintfLogger wraps a Printf-based logger (such as the standard library "log") into an implementation of the Logger interface which logs everything.

type Option 

type Option func(*Cron)

Option represents a modification to the default behavior of a Cron.

func WithChain 

func WithChain(wrappers ...JobWrapper) Option

WithChain specifies Job wrappers to apply to all jobs added to this cron. Refer to the Chain* functions in this package for provided wrappers.

func WithJobManager 

func WithJobManager(manager manager.JobManager) Option

WithJobManager overrides the default job manager.

func WithLocation 

func WithLocation(loc *time.Location) Option

WithLocation overrides the timezone of the cron instance.

func WithLogger 

func WithLogger(logger Logger) Option

WithLogger uses the provided logger.

func WithParser 

func WithParser(p schedule.Parser) Option

WithParser overrides the parser used for interpreting job schedules.

func WithStore 

func WithStore(store store.Store) Option

type WrappedJob 

type WrappedJob struct {
	// contains filtered or unexported fields
}

func (WrappedJob) LoadPayload 

func (w WrappedJob) LoadPayload(raw []byte) error

func (WrappedJob) New 

func (w WrappedJob) New() manager.Job

func (WrappedJob) Run 

func (w WrappedJob) Run(e store.Entry) error

Source Files

View all Source files

Directories

Path Synopsis
pkg
internal
job_manager
schedule
schedule/constdelay
schedule/crontab
schedule/once
store
store/inmemory
store/postgresql

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