ladon

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README

Ladon

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Ladon is the serpent dragon protecting your resources.

Ladon is a library written in Go for access control policies, similar to Role Based Access Control or Access Control Lists. In contrast to ACL and RBAC you get fine-grained access control with the ability to answer questions in complex environments such as multi-tenant or distributed applications and large organizations. Ladon is inspired by AWS IAM Policies.

Ladon ships with storage adapters for SQL (officially supported: MySQL 5.5+, PostgreSQL 9.2+) and in-memory.

ORY builds solutions for better internet security and accessibility. We have a couple more projects you might enjoy:

  • Hydra, a security-first open source OAuth2 and OpenID Connect server for new and existing infrastructures that uses Ladon for access control.
  • ORY Editor, an extensible, modern WYSI editor for the web written in React.
  • Fosite, an extensible security first OAuth 2.0 and OpenID Connect SDK for Go.
  • Dockertest: Write better integration tests with dockertest!

Table of Contents

Ladon utilizes ory-am/dockertest for tests. Please refer to ory-am/dockertest for more information of how to setup testing environment.

Installation

go get github.com/ory/ladon

We recommend to use Glide for dependency management. Ladon uses semantic versioning and versions beginning with zero (0.1.2) might introduce backwards compatibility breaks with each minor version.

Concepts

Ladon is an access control library that answers the question:

Who is able to do what on something given some context

  • Who: An arbitrary unique subject name, for example "ken" or "printer-service.mydomain.com".
  • Able: The effect which can be either "allow" or "deny".
  • What: An arbitrary action name, for example "delete", "create" or "scoped:action:something".
  • Something: An arbitrary unique resource name, for example "something", "resources.articles.1234" or some uniform resource name like "urn:isbn:3827370191".
  • Context: The current context containing information about the environment such as the IP Address, request date, the resource owner name, the department ken is working in or any other information you want to pass along. (optional)

To decide what the answer is, Ladon uses policy documents which can be represented as JSON

{
  "description": "One policy to rule them all.",
  "subjects": ["users:<[peter|ken]>", "users:maria", "groups:admins"],
  "actions" : ["delete", "<[create|update]>"],
  "effect": "allow",
  "resources": [
    "resources:articles:<.*>",
    "resources:printer"
  ],
  "conditions": {
    "remoteIP": {
        "type": "CIDRCondition",
        "options": {
            "cidr": "192.168.0.1/16"
        }
    }
  }
}

and can answer access requests that look like:

{
  "subject": "users:peter",
  "action" : "delete",
  "resource": "resource:articles:ladon-introduction",
  "context": {
    "remoteIP": "192.168.0.5"
  }
}

However, Ladon does not come with a HTTP or server implementation. It does not restrict JSON either. We believe that it is your job to decide if you want to use Protobuf, RESTful, HTTP, AMPQ, or some other protocol. It's up to you to write server!

The following example should give you an idea what a RESTful flow could look like. Initially we create a policy by POSTing it to an artificial HTTP endpoint:

> curl \
      -X POST \
      -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
      -d@- \
      "https://my-ladon-implementation.localhost/policies" <<EOF
        {
          "description": "One policy to rule them all.",
          "subjects": ["users:<[peter|ken]>", "users:maria", "groups:admins"],
          "actions" : ["delete", "<[create|update]>"],
          "effect": "allow",
          "resources": [
            "resources:articles:<.*>",
            "resources:printer"
          ],
          "conditions": {
            "remoteIP": {
                "type": "CIDRCondition",
                "options": {
                    "cidr": "192.168.0.1/16"
                }
            }
          }
        }
  EOF

Then we test if "peter" (ip: "192.168.0.5") is allowed to "delete" the "ladon-introduction" article:

> curl \
      -X POST \
      -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
      -d@- \
      "https://my-ladon-implementation.localhost/warden" <<EOF
        {
          "subject": "users:peter",
          "action" : "delete",
          "resource": "resource:articles:ladon-introduction",
          "context": {
            "remoteIP": "192.168.0.5"
          }
        }
  EOF

{
    "allowed": true
}

Usage

We already discussed two essential parts of Ladon: policies and access control requests. Let's take a closer look at those two.

Policies

Policies are the basis for access control decisions. Think of them as a set of rules. In this library, policies are abstracted as the ladon.Policy interface, and Ladon comes with a standard implementation of this interface which is ladon.DefaultPolicy. Creating such a policy could look like:

import "github.com/ory/ladon"

var pol = &ladon.DefaultPolicy{
	// A required unique identifier. Used primarily for database retrieval.
	ID: "68819e5a-738b-41ec-b03c-b58a1b19d043",

	// A optional human readable description.
	Description: "something humanly readable",

	// A subject can be an user or a service. It is the "who" in "who is allowed to do what on something".
	// As you can see here, you can use regular expressions inside < >.
	Subjects: []string{"max", "peter", "<zac|ken>"},

	// Which resources this policy affects.
	// Again, you can put regular expressions in inside < >.
	Resources: []string{"myrn:some.domain.com:resource:123", "myrn:some.domain.com:resource:345", "myrn:something:foo:<.+>"},

	// Which actions this policy affects. Supports RegExp
	// Again, you can put regular expressions in inside < >.
	Actions: []string{"<create|delete>", "get"},

	// Should access be allowed or denied?
	// Note: If multiple policies match an access request, ladon.DenyAccess will always override ladon.AllowAccess
	// and thus deny access.
	Effect: ladon.AllowAccess,

	// Under which conditions this policy is "active".
	Conditions: ladon.Conditions{
		// In this example, the policy is only "active" when the requested subject is the owner of the resource as well.
		"resourceOwner": &ladon.EqualsSubjectCondition{},

		// Additionally, the policy will only match if the requests remote ip address matches address range 127.0.0.1/32
		"remoteIPAddress": &ladon.CIDRCondition{
			CIDR: "127.0.0.1/32",
		},
	},
}
Conditions

Conditions are functions returning true or false given a context. Because conditions implement logic, they must be programmed. Adding conditions to a policy consist of two parts, a key name and an implementation of ladon.Condition:

// StringEqualCondition is an exemplary condition.
type StringEqualCondition struct {
	Equals string `json:"equals"`
}

// Fulfills returns true if the given value is a string and is the
// same as in StringEqualCondition.Equals
func (c *StringEqualCondition) Fulfills(value interface{}, _ *ladon.Request) bool {
	s, ok := value.(string)

	return ok && s == c.Equals
}

// GetName returns the condition's name.
func (c *StringEqualCondition) GetName() string {
	return "StringEqualCondition"
}

var pol = &ladon.DefaultPolicy{
    // ...
    Conditions: ladon.Conditions{
        "some-arbitrary-key": &StringEqualCondition{
            Equals: "the-value-should-be-this"
        }
    },
}

The default implementation of Policy supports JSON un-/marshalling. In JSON, this policy would look like:

{
  "conditions": {
    "some-arbitrary-key": {
        "type": "StringEqualCondition",
        "options": {
            "equals": "the-value-should-be-this"
        }
    }
  }
}

As you can see, type is the value that StringEqualCondition.GetName() is returning and options is used to set the value of StringEqualCondition.Equals.

This condition is fulfilled by (we will cover the warden in the next section)

var err = warden.IsAllowed(&ladon.Request{
    // ...
    Context: &ladon.Context{
        "some-arbitrary-key": "the-value-should-be-this",
    },
}

but not by

var err = warden.IsAllowed(&ladon.Request{
    // ...
    Context: &ladon.Context{
        "some-arbitrary-key": "some other value",
    },
}

and neither by:

var err = warden.IsAllowed(&ladon.Request{
    // ...
    Context: &ladon.Context{
        "same value but other key": "the-value-should-be-this",
    },
}

Ladon ships with a couple of default conditions:

The CIDR condition matches CIDR IP Ranges. Using this condition would look like this in JSON:

{
    "conditions": {
        "remoteIP": {
            "type": "CIDRCondition",
            "options": {
                "cidr": "192.168.0.1/16"
            }
        }
    }
}

and in Go:

var pol = &ladon.DefaultPolicy{
    Conditions: ladon.Conditions{
        "remoteIPAddress": &ladon.CIDRCondition{
            CIDR: "192.168.0.1/16",
        },
    },
}

In this case, we expect that the context of an access request contains a field "remoteIpAddress" matching the CIDR "192.168.0.1/16", for example "192.168.0.5".

Checks if the value passed in the access request's context is identical with the string that was given initially

var pol = &ladon.DefaultPolicy{
    Conditions: ladon.Conditions{
        "some-arbitrary-key": &ladon.StringEqualCondition{
            Equals: "the-value-should-be-this"
        }
    },
}

and would match in the following case:

var err = warden.IsAllowed(&ladon.Request{
    // ...
    Context: &ladon.Context{
         "some-arbitrary-key": "the-value-should-be-this",
    },
}

Checks if the access request's subject is identical with the string that was given initially

var pol = &ladon.DefaultPolicy{
    Conditions: ladon.Conditions{
        "some-arbitrary-key": &ladon.EqualsSubjectCondition{}
    },
}

and would match

var err = warden.IsAllowed(&ladon.Request{
    // ...
    Subject: "peter",
    Context: &ladon.Context{
         "some-arbitrary-key": "peter",
    },
}

but not:

var err = warden.IsAllowed(&ladon.Request{
    // ...
    Subject: "peter",
    Context: &ladon.Context{
         "some-arbitrary-key": "max",
    },
}

Checks if the value passed in the access request's context contains two-element arrays and that both elements in each pair are equal.

var pol = &ladon.DefaultPolicy{
    Conditions: ladon.Conditions{
        "some-arbitrary-key": &ladon.StringPairsEqualCondition{}
    },
}

and would match

var err = warden.IsAllowed(&ladon.Request{
    // ...
    Context: &ladon.Context{
         "some-arbitrary-key": [
             ["some-arbitrary-pair-value", "some-arbitrary-pair-value"],
             ["some-other-arbitrary-pair-value", "some-other-arbitrary-pair-value"],
         ]
    },
}

but not:

var err = warden.IsAllowed(&ladon.Request{
    // ...
    Context: &ladon.Context{
         "some-arbitrary-key": [
             ["some-arbitrary-pair-value", "some-other-arbitrary-pair-value"],
         ]
    },
}
Adding Custom Conditions

You can add custom conditions by appending it to ladon.ConditionFactories:

import "github.com/ory/ladon"

func main() {
    // ...

    ladon.ConditionFactories[new(CustomCondition).GetName()] = func() Condition {
        return new(CustomCondition)
    }

    // ...
}
Persistence

Obviously, creating such a policy is not enough. You want to persist it too. Ladon ships an interface ladon.Manager for this purpose with default implementations for In-Memory and SQL (PostgreSQL, MySQL). There are also adapters available written by the community for Redis and RethinkDB

Let's take a look how to instantiate those:

In-Memory (officially supported)

import (
	"github.com/ory/ladon"
	manager "github.com/ory/ladon/manager/memory"
)


func main() {
	warden := &ladon.Ladon{
		Manager: manager.NewMemoryManager(),
	}
	err := warden.Manager.Create(pol)

    // ...
}

SQL (officially supported)

import "github.com/ory/ladon"
import manager "github.com/ory/ladon/manager/sql"
import "database/sql"
import _ "github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql"

func main() {
    db, err = sql.Open("mysql", "user:pass@tcp(127.0.0.1:3306)"")
    // Or, if using postgres:
    //  import _ "github.com/lib/pq"
    //
    //  db, err = sql.Open("postgres", "postgres://foo:bar@localhost/ladon")
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatalf("Could not connect to database: %s", err)
	}

    warden := ladon.Ladon{
        Manager: manager.NewSQLManager(db, nil),
    }

    // ...
}
Access Control (Warden)

Now that we have defined our policies, we can use the warden to check if a request is valid. ladon.Ladon, which is the default implementation for the ladon.Warden interface defines ladon.Ladon.IsAllowed() which will return nil if the access request can be granted and an error otherwise.

import "github.com/ory/ladon"

func main() {
    // ...

    if err := warden.IsAllowed(&ladon.Request{
        Subject: "peter",
        Action: "delete",
        Resource: "myrn:some.domain.com:resource:123",
        Context: ladon.Context{
            "ip": "127.0.0.1",
        },
    }); err != nil {
        log.Fatal("Access denied")
    }

    // ...
}

Limitations

Ladon's limitations are listed here.

Regular expressions

Matching regular expressions has a complexity of O(n) and databases such as MySQL or Postgres can not leverage indexes when parsing regular expressions. Thus, there is considerable overhead when using regular expressions.

We have implemented various strategies for reducing policy matching time:

  1. An LRU cache is used for caching frequently compiled regular expressions. This reduces cpu complexity significantly for memory manager implementations.
  2. The SQL schema is 3NF normalized.
  3. Policies, subjects and actions are stored uniquely, reducing the total number of rows.
  4. Only one query per look up is executed.
  5. If no regular expression is used, a simple equal match is done in SQL back-ends.

You will get the best performance with the in-memory manager. The SQL adapters perform about 1000:1 compared to the in-memory solution. Please note that these tests where in laboratory environments with Docker, without an SSD, and single-threaded. You might get better results on your system. We are thinking about introducing It would be possible a simple cache strategy such as LRU with a maximum age to further reduce runtime complexity.

We are also considering to offer different matching strategies (e.g. wildcard match) in the future, which will perform better with SQL databases. If you have ideas or suggestions, leave us an issue.

Examples

Check out ladon_test.go which includes a couple of policies and tests cases. You can run the code with go test -run=TestLadon -v .

Good to know

  • All checks are case sensitive because subject values could be case sensitive IDs.
  • If ladon.Ladon is not able to match a policy with the request, it will default to denying the request and return an error.

Ladon does not use reflection for matching conditions to their appropriate structs due to security considerations.

Useful commands

Create mocks

mockgen -package ladon_test -destination manager_mock_test.go github.com/ory/ladon Manager

Documentation

Index

Constants

View Source 
const AllowAccess = "allow"

AllowAccess should be used as effect for policies that allow access.

View Source 
const DenyAccess = "deny"

DenyAccess should be used as effect for policies that deny access.

Variables

View Source 
var (
	// ErrRequestDenied is returned when an access request can not be satisfied by any policy.
	ErrRequestDenied = errors.WithStack(&errorWithContext{
		error:  errors.New("Request was denied by default"),
		code:   http.StatusForbidden,
		status: http.StatusText(http.StatusForbidden),
		reason: "The request was denied because no matching policy was found.",
	})

	// ErrRequestForcefullyDenied is returned when an access request is explicitly denied by a policy.
	ErrRequestForcefullyDenied = errors.WithStack(&errorWithContext{
		error:  errors.New("Request was forcefully denied"),
		code:   http.StatusForbidden,
		status: http.StatusText(http.StatusForbidden),
		reason: "The request was denied because a policy denied request.",
	})

	// ErrNotFound is returned when a resource can not be found.
	ErrNotFound = errors.WithStack(&errorWithContext{
		error:  errors.New("Resource could not be found"),
		code:   http.StatusNotFound,
		status: http.StatusText(http.StatusNotFound),
	})
)
View Source 
var ConditionFactories = map[string]func() Condition{
	new(StringEqualCondition).GetName(): func() Condition {
		return new(StringEqualCondition)
	},
	new(CIDRCondition).GetName(): func() Condition {
		return new(CIDRCondition)
	},
	new(EqualsSubjectCondition).GetName(): func() Condition {
		return new(EqualsSubjectCondition)
	},
	new(StringPairsEqualCondition).GetName(): func() Condition {
		return new(StringPairsEqualCondition)
	},
}

ConditionFactories is where you can add custom conditions

View Source 
var DefaultMatcher = NewRegexpMatcher(512)

Functions

func NewErrResourceNotFound added in v0.6.0 

func NewErrResourceNotFound(err error) error

Types

type CIDRCondition 

type CIDRCondition struct {
	CIDR string `json:"cidr"`
}

CIDRCondition makes sure that the warden requests' IP address is in the given CIDR.

func (*CIDRCondition) Fulfills 

func (c *CIDRCondition) Fulfills(value interface{}, _ *Request) bool

Fulfills returns true if the the request is fulfilled by the condition.

func (*CIDRCondition) GetName 

func (c *CIDRCondition) GetName() string

GetName returns the condition's name.

type Condition 

type Condition interface {
	// GetName returns the condition's name.
	GetName() string

	// Fulfills returns true if the request is fulfilled by the condition.
	Fulfills(interface{}, *Request) bool
}

Condition either do or do not fulfill an access request.

type Conditions 

type Conditions map[string]Condition

Conditions is a collection of conditions.

func (Conditions) AddCondition 

func (cs Conditions) AddCondition(key string, c Condition)

AddCondition adds a condition to the collection.

func (Conditions) MarshalJSON 

func (cs Conditions) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error)

MarshalJSON marshals a list of conditions to json.

func (Conditions) UnmarshalJSON 

func (cs Conditions) UnmarshalJSON(data []byte) error

UnmarshalJSON unmarshals a list of conditions from json.

type Context 

type Context map[string]interface{}

Context is used as request's context.

type DefaultPolicy 

type DefaultPolicy struct {
	ID          string     `json:"id" gorethink:"id"`
	Description string     `json:"description" gorethink:"description"`
	Subjects    []string   `json:"subjects" gorethink:"subjects"`
	Effect      string     `json:"effect" gorethink:"effect"`
	Resources   []string   `json:"resources" gorethink:"resources"`
	Actions     []string   `json:"actions" gorethink:"actions"`
	Conditions  Conditions `json:"conditions" gorethink:"conditions"`
}

DefaultPolicy is the default implementation of the policy interface.

func (*DefaultPolicy) AllowAccess 

func (p *DefaultPolicy) AllowAccess() bool

AllowAccess returns true if the policy effect is allow, otherwise false.

func (*DefaultPolicy) GetActions 

func (p *DefaultPolicy) GetActions() []string

GetActions returns the policies actions.

func (*DefaultPolicy) GetConditions 

func (p *DefaultPolicy) GetConditions() Conditions

GetConditions returns the policies conditions.

func (*DefaultPolicy) GetDescription 

func (p *DefaultPolicy) GetDescription() string

GetDescription returns the policies description.

func (*DefaultPolicy) GetEffect 

func (p *DefaultPolicy) GetEffect() string

GetEffect returns the policies effect which might be 'allow' or 'deny'.

func (*DefaultPolicy) GetEndDelimiter 

func (p *DefaultPolicy) GetEndDelimiter() byte

GetEndDelimiter returns the delimiter which identifies the end of a regular expression.

func (*DefaultPolicy) GetID 

func (p *DefaultPolicy) GetID() string

GetID returns the policies id.

func (*DefaultPolicy) GetResources 

func (p *DefaultPolicy) GetResources() []string

GetResources returns the policies resources.

func (*DefaultPolicy) GetStartDelimiter 

func (p *DefaultPolicy) GetStartDelimiter() byte

GetStartDelimiter returns the delimiter which identifies the beginning of a regular expression.

func (*DefaultPolicy) GetSubjects 

func (p *DefaultPolicy) GetSubjects() []string

GetSubjects returns the policies subjects.

func (*DefaultPolicy) UnmarshalJSON 

func (p *DefaultPolicy) UnmarshalJSON(data []byte) error

UnmarshalJSON overwrite own policy with values of the given in policy in JSON format

type EqualsSubjectCondition 

type EqualsSubjectCondition struct{}

EqualsSubjectCondition is a condition which is fulfilled if the request's subject is equal to the given value string

func (*EqualsSubjectCondition) Fulfills 

func (c *EqualsSubjectCondition) Fulfills(value interface{}, r *Request) bool

Fulfills returns true if the request's subject is equal to the given value string

func (*EqualsSubjectCondition) GetName 

func (c *EqualsSubjectCondition) GetName() string

GetName returns the condition's name.

type Ladon 

type Ladon struct {
	Manager Manager
	Matcher matcher
}

Ladon is an implementation of Warden.

func (*Ladon) IsAllowed 

func (l *Ladon) IsAllowed(r *Request) (err error)

IsAllowed returns nil if subject s has permission p on resource r with context c or an error otherwise.

type Manager 

type Manager interface {

	// Create persists the policy.
	Create(policy Policy) error

	// Get retrieves a policy.
	Get(id string) (Policy, error)

	// Delete removes a policy.
	Delete(id string) error

	// GetAll retrieves all policies.
	GetAll(limit, offset int64) (Policies, error)

	// FindRequestCandidates returns candidates that could match the request object. It either returns
	// a set that exactly matches the request, or a superset of it. If an error occurs, it returns nil and
	// the error.
	FindRequestCandidates(r *Request) (Policies, error)
}

Manager is responsible for managing and persisting policies.

type ManagerMigrator added in v0.6.0 

type ManagerMigrator interface {
	Create(policy Policy) (err error)
	Migrate() (err error)
	GetManager() Manager
}

type Policies 

type Policies []Policy

Policies is an array of policies.

type Policy 

type Policy interface {
	// GetID returns the policies id.
	GetID() string

	// GetDescription returns the policies description.
	GetDescription() string

	// GetSubjects returns the policies subjects.
	GetSubjects() []string

	// AllowAccess returns true if the policy effect is allow, otherwise false.
	AllowAccess() bool

	// GetEffect returns the policies effect which might be 'allow' or 'deny'.
	GetEffect() string

	// GetResources returns the policies resources.
	GetResources() []string

	// GetActions returns the policies actions.
	GetActions() []string

	// GetConditions returns the policies conditions.
	GetConditions() Conditions

	// GetStartDelimiter returns the delimiter which identifies the beginning of a regular expression.
	GetStartDelimiter() byte

	// GetEndDelimiter returns the delimiter which identifies the end of a regular expression.
	GetEndDelimiter() byte
}

Policy represent a policy model.

type RegexpMatcher added in v0.6.0 

type RegexpMatcher struct {
	*lru.Cache

	C map[string]*regexp.Regexp
}

func NewRegexpMatcher added in v0.6.0 

func NewRegexpMatcher(size int) *RegexpMatcher

func (*RegexpMatcher) Matches added in v0.6.0 

func (m *RegexpMatcher) Matches(p Policy, haystack []string, needle string) (bool, error)

Matches a needle with an array of regular expressions and returns true if a match was found.

type Request 

type Request struct {
	// Resource is the resource that access is requested to.
	Resource string `json:"resource"`

	// Action is the action that is requested on the resource.
	Action string `json:"action"`

	// Subejct is the subject that is requesting access.
	Subject string `json:"subject"`

	// Context is the request's environmental context.
	Context Context `json:"context"`
}

Request is the warden's request object.

type StringEqualCondition 

type StringEqualCondition struct {
	Equals string `json:"equals"`
}

StringEqualCondition is a condition which is fulfilled if the given string value is the same as specified in StringEqualCondition

func (*StringEqualCondition) Fulfills 

func (c *StringEqualCondition) Fulfills(value interface{}, _ *Request) bool

Fulfills returns true if the given value is a string and is the same as in StringEqualCondition.Equals

func (*StringEqualCondition) GetName 

func (c *StringEqualCondition) GetName() string

GetName returns the condition's name.

type StringPairsEqualCondition added in v0.4.3 

type StringPairsEqualCondition struct{}

StringPairsEqualCondition is a condition which is fulfilled if the given array of pairs contains two-element string arrays where both elements in the string array are equal

func (*StringPairsEqualCondition) Fulfills added in v0.4.3 

func (c *StringPairsEqualCondition) Fulfills(value interface{}, _ *Request) bool

Fulfills returns true if the given value is an array of string arrays and each string array has exactly two values which are equal

func (*StringPairsEqualCondition) GetName added in v0.4.3 

func (c *StringPairsEqualCondition) GetName() string

GetName returns the condition's name.

type Warden 

type Warden interface {
	// IsAllowed returns nil if subject s can perform action a on resource r with context c or an error otherwise.
	//  if err := guard.IsAllowed(&Request{Resource: "article/1234", Action: "update", Subject: "peter"}); err != nil {
	//    return errors.New("Not allowed")
	//  }
	IsAllowed(r *Request) error
}

Warden is responsible for deciding if subject s can perform action a on resource r with context c.

Source Files

View all Source files

Directories

Path Synopsis
Package compiler offers a regexp compiler which compiles regex templates to regexp.Regexp reg, err := compiler.CompileRegex("foo:bar.baz:<[0-9]{2,10}>", '<', '>') // if err != nil ...
 Package compiler offers a regexp compiler which compiles regex templates to regexp.Regexp reg, err := compiler.CompileRegex("foo:bar.baz:<[0-9]{2,10}>", '<', '>') // if err != nil ...
manager
memory
sql

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