ethereum

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Published: Oct 16, 2020 License: GPL-3.0 Imports: 5 Imported by: 0

README

Go GEM

Official golang implementation of the GEM protocol.

API Reference Go Report Card Travis Discord

Automated builds are available for stable releases and the unstable master branch. Binary archives are published at https://ggem.gem.org/downloads/.

Building the source

For prerequisites and detailed build instructions please read the Installation Instructions on the wiki.

Building gem requires both a Go (version 1.7 or later) and a C compiler. You can install them using your favourite package manager. Once the dependencies are installed, run

make gem

or, to build the full suite of utilities:

make all

Executables

The go-gem project comes with several wrappers/executables found in the cmd directory.

Command Description
gem Our main gem CLI client. It is the entry point into the gem network (main-, test- or private net), capable of running as a full node (default), archive node (retaining all historical state) or a light node (retrieving data live). It can be used by other processes as a gateway into the gem network via JSON RPC endpoints exposed on top of HTTP, WebSocket and/or IPC transports. gem --help and the CLI Wiki page for command line options.
abigen Source code generator to convert gem contract definitions into easy to use, compile-time type-safe Go packages. It operates on plain gem contract ABIs with expanded functionality if the contract bytecode is also available. However it also accepts Solidity source files, making development much more streamlined. Please see our Native DApps wiki page for details.
bootnode Stripped down version of our gem client implementation that only takes part in the network node discovery protocol, but does not run any of the higher level application protocols. It can be used as a lightweight bootstrap node to aid in finding peers in private networks.
evm Developer utility version of the EVM (gem Virtual Machine) that is capable of running bytecode snippets within a configurable environment and execution mode. Its purpose is to allow isolated, fine-grained debugging of EVM opcodes (e.g. evm --code 60ff60ff --debug).
gemrpctest Developer utility tool to support our gem/rpc-test test suite which validates baseline conformity to the gem JSON RPC specs. Please see the test suite's readme for details.
rlpdump Developer utility tool to convert binary RLP (Recursive Length Prefix) dumps (data encoding used by the gem protocol both network as well as consensus wise) to user friendlier hierarchical representation (e.g. rlpdump --hex CE0183FFFFFFC4C304050583616263).
swarm Swarm daemon and tools. This is the entrypoint for the Swarm network. swarm --help for command line options and subcommands. See Swarm README for more information.
puppgem a CLI wizard that aids in creating a new gem network.

Running gem

Going through all the possible command line flags is out of scope here (please consult our CLI Wiki page), but we've enumerated a few common parameter combos to get you up to speed quickly on how you can run your own Gem instance.

Full node on the main gem network

By far the most common scenario is people wanting to simply interact with the gem network: create accounts; transfer funds; deploy and interact with contracts. For this particular use-case the user doesn't care about years-old historical data, so we can fast-sync quickly to the current state of the network. To do so:

$ gem console

This command will:

  • Start gem in fast sync mode (default, can be changed with the --syncmode flag), causing it to download more data in exchange for avoiding processing the entire history of the gem network, which is very CPU intensive.
  • Start up Gem's built-in interactive JavaScript console, (via the trailing console subcommand) through which you can invoke all official web3 mgemods as well as Gem's own management APIs. This tool is optional and if you leave it out you can always attach to an already running Gem instance with gem attach.

Full node on the gem test network

Transitioning towards developers, if you'd like to play around with creating gem contracts, you almost certainly would like to do that without any real money involved until you get the hang of the entire system. In other words, instead of attaching to the main network, you want to join the test network with your node, which is fully equivalent to the main network, but with play-gemer only.

$ gem --testnet console

The console subcommand have the exact same meaning as above and they are equally useful on the testnet too. Please see above for their explanations if you've skipped to here.

Specifying the --testnet flag however will reconfigure your Gem instance a bit:

  • Instead of using the default data directory (~/.gem on Linux for example), Gem will nest itself one level deeper into a testnet subfolder (~/.gem/testnet on Linux). Note, on OSX and Linux this also means that attaching to a running testnet node requires the use of a custom endpoint since gem attach will try to attach to a production node endpoint by default. E.g. gem attach <datadir>/testnet/gem.ipc. Windows users are not affected by this.
  • Instead of connecting the main gem network, the client will connect to the test network, which uses different P2P bootnodes, different network IDs and genesis states.

Note: Although there are some internal protective measures to prevent transactions from crossing over between the main network and test network, you should make sure to always use separate accounts for play-money and real-money. Unless you manually move accounts, Gem will by default correctly separate the two networks and will not make any accounts available between them.

Full node on the Rinkeby test network

The above test network is a cross client one based on the gemash proof-of-work consensus algorithm. As such, it has certain extra overhead and is more susceptible to reorganization attacks due to the network's low difficulty / security. Go gem also supports connecting to a proof-of-authority based test network called Rinkeby (operated by members of the community). This network is lighter, more secure, but is only supported by go-gem.

$ gem --rinkeby console

Configuration

As an alternative to passing the numerous flags to the gem binary, you can also pass a configuration file via:

$ gem --config /path/to/your_config.toml

To get an idea how the file should look like you can use the dumpconfig subcommand to export your existing configuration:

$ gem --your-favourite-flags dumpconfig

Note: This works only with gem v1.6.0 and above.

Docker quick start

One of the quickest ways to get gem up and running on your machine is by using Docker:

docker run -d --name gem-node -v /Users/alice/gem:/root \
           -p 8545:8545 -p 30303:30303 \
           gem/client-go

This will start gem in fast-sync mode with a DB memory allowance of 1GB just as the above command does. It will also create a persistent volume in your home directory for saving your blockchain as well as map the default ports. There is also an alpine tag available for a slim version of the image.

Do not forget --rpcaddr 0.0.0.0, if you want to access RPC from other containers and/or hosts. By default, gem binds to the local interface and RPC endpoints is not accessible from the outside.

Programatically interfacing Gem nodes

As a developer, sooner rather than later you'll want to start interacting with Gem and the gem network via your own programs and not manually through the console. To aid this, Gem has built-in support for a JSON-RPC based APIs (standard APIs and Gem specific APIs). These can be exposed via HTTP, WebSockets and IPC (unix sockets on unix based platforms, and named pipes on Windows).

The IPC interface is enabled by default and exposes all the APIs supported by Gem, whereas the HTTP and WS interfaces need to manually be enabled and only expose a subset of APIs due to security reasons. These can be turned on/off and configured as you'd expect.

HTTP based JSON-RPC API options:

  • --rpc Enable the HTTP-RPC server
  • --rpcaddr HTTP-RPC server listening interface (default: "localhost")
  • --rpcport HTTP-RPC server listening port (default: 8545)
  • --rpcapi API's offered over the HTTP-RPC interface (default: "gem,net,web3")
  • --rpccorsdomain Comma separated list of domains from which to accept cross origin requests (browser enforced)
  • --ws Enable the WS-RPC server
  • --wsaddr WS-RPC server listening interface (default: "localhost")
  • --wsport WS-RPC server listening port (default: 8546)
  • --wsapi API's offered over the WS-RPC interface (default: "gem,net,web3")
  • --wsorigins Origins from which to accept websockets requests
  • --ipcdisable Disable the IPC-RPC server
  • --ipcapi API's offered over the IPC-RPC interface (default: "admin,debug,gem,miner,net,personal,shh,txpool,web3")
  • --ipcpath Filename for IPC socket/pipe within the datadir (explicit paths escape it)

You'll need to use your own programming environments' capabilities (libraries, tools, etc) to connect via HTTP, WS or IPC to a Gem node configured with the above flags and you'll need to speak JSON-RPC on all transports. You can reuse the same connection for multiple requests!

Note: Please understand the security implications of opening up an HTTP/WS based transport before doing so! Hackers on the internet are actively trying to subvert gem nodes with exposed APIs! Further, all browser tabs can access locally running webservers, so malicious webpages could try to subvert locally available APIs!

Operating a private network

Maintaining your own private network is more involved as a lot of configurations taken for granted in the official networks need to be manually set up.

Defining the private genesis state

First, you'll need to create the genesis state of your networks, which all nodes need to be aware of and agree upon. This consists of a small JSON file (e.g. call it genesis.json):

{
  "config": {
        "chainId": 0,
        "homesteadBlock": 0,
        "eip155Block": 0,
        "eip158Block": 0
    },
  "alloc"      : {},
  "coinbase"   : "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "difficulty" : "0x20000",
  "extraData"  : "",
  "gasLimit"   : "0x2fefd8",
  "nonce"      : "0x0000000000000042",
  "mixhash"    : "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "parentHash" : "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "timestamp"  : "0x00"
}

The above fields should be fine for most purposes, although we'd recommend changing the nonce to some random value so you prevent unknown remote nodes from being able to connect to you. If you'd like to pre-fund some accounts for easier testing, you can populate the alloc field with account configs:

"alloc": {
  "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000001": {"balance": "111111111"},
  "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000002": {"balance": "222222222"}
}

With the genesis state defined in the above JSON file, you'll need to initialize every Gem node with it prior to starting it up to ensure all blockchain parameters are correctly set:

$ gem init path/to/genesis.json
Creating the rendezvous point

With all nodes that you want to run initialized to the desired genesis state, you'll need to start a bootstrap node that others can use to find each other in your network and/or over the internet. The clean way is to configure and run a dedicated bootnode:

$ bootnode --genkey=boot.key
$ bootnode --nodekey=boot.key

With the bootnode online, it will display an enode URL that other nodes can use to connect to it and exchange peer information. Make sure to replace the displayed IP address information (most probably [::]) with your externally accessible IP to get the actual enode URL.

Note: You could also use a full fledged Gem node as a bootnode, but it's the less recommended way.

Starting up your member nodes

With the bootnode operational and externally reachable (you can try telnet <ip> <port> to ensure it's indeed reachable), start every subsequent Gem node pointed to the bootnode for peer discovery via the --bootnodes flag. It will probably also be desirable to keep the data directory of your private network separated, so do also specify a custom --datadir flag.

$ gem --datadir=path/to/custom/data/folder --bootnodes=<bootnode-enode-url-from-above>

Note: Since your network will be completely cut off from the main and test networks, you'll also need to configure a miner to process transactions and create new blocks for you.

Running a private miner

Mining on the public gem network is a complex task as it's only feasible using GPUs, requiring an OpenCL or CUDA enabled gemminer instance. For information on such a setup, please consult the gemerMining subreddit and the Genoil miner repository.

In a private network setting however, a single CPU miner instance is more than enough for practical purposes as it can produce a stable stream of blocks at the correct intervals without needing heavy resources (consider running on a single thread, no need for multiple ones either). To start a Gem instance for mining, run it with all your usual flags, extended by:

$ gem <usual-flags> --mine --minerthreads=1 --gemerbase=0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000

Which will start mining blocks and transactions on a single CPU thread, crediting all proceedings to the account specified by --gemerbase. You can further tune the mining by changing the default gas limit blocks converge to (--targetgaslimit) and the price transactions are accepted at (--gasprice).

Contribution

Thank you for considering to help out with the source code! We welcome contributions from anyone on the internet, and are grateful for even the smallest of fixes!

If you'd like to contribute to go-gem, please fork, fix, commit and send a pull request for the maintainers to review and merge into the main code base. If you wish to submit more complex changes though, please check up with the core devs first on our gitter channel to ensure those changes are in line with the general philosophy of the project and/or get some early feedback which can make both your efforts much lighter as well as our review and merge procedures quick and simple.

Please make sure your contributions adhere to our coding guidelines:

  • Code must adhere to the official Go formatting guidelines (i.e. uses gofmt).
  • Code must be documented adhering to the official Go commentary guidelines.
  • Pull requests need to be based on and opened against the master branch.
  • Commit messages should be prefixed with the package(s) they modify.
    • E.g. "gem, rpc: make trace configs optional"

Please see the Developers' Guide for more details on configuring your environment, managing project dependencies and testing procedures.

License

The go-gem library (i.e. all code outside of the cmd directory) is licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License v3.0, also included in our repository in the COPYING.LESSER file.

The go-gem binaries (i.e. all code inside of the cmd directory) is licensed under the GNU General Public License v3.0, also included in our repository in the COPYING file.

Documentation

Overview

Package ethereum defines interfaces for interacting with Ethereum.

Index

Constants

This section is empty.

Variables

View Source
var NotFound = errors.New("not found")

NotFound is returned by API methods if the requested item does not exist.

Functions

This section is empty.

Types

type CallMsg

type CallMsg struct {
	From     common.Address  // the sender of the 'transaction'
	To       *common.Address // the destination contract (nil for contract creation)
	Gas      uint64          // if 0, the call executes with near-infinite gas
	GasPrice *big.Int        // wei <-> gas exchange ratio
	Value    *big.Int        // amount of wei sent along with the call
	Data     []byte          // input data, usually an ABI-encoded contract method invocation
}

CallMsg contains parameters for contract calls.

type ChainReader

type ChainReader interface {
	BlockByHash(ctx context.Context, hash common.Hash) (*types.Block, error)
	BlockByNumber(ctx context.Context, number *big.Int) (*types.Block, error)
	HeaderByHash(ctx context.Context, hash common.Hash) (*types.Header, error)
	HeaderByNumber(ctx context.Context, number *big.Int) (*types.Header, error)
	TransactionCount(ctx context.Context, blockHash common.Hash) (uint, error)
	TransactionInBlock(ctx context.Context, blockHash common.Hash, index uint) (*types.Transaction, error)

	// This method subscribes to notifications about changes of the head block of
	// the canonical chain.
	SubscribeNewHead(ctx context.Context, ch chan<- *types.Header) (Subscription, error)
}

ChainReader provides access to the blockchain. The methods in this interface access raw data from either the canonical chain (when requesting by block number) or any blockchain fork that was previously downloaded and processed by the node. The block number argument can be nil to select the latest canonical block. Reading block headers should be preferred over full blocks whenever possible.

The returned error is NotFound if the requested item does not exist.

type ChainStateReader

type ChainStateReader interface {
	BalanceAt(ctx context.Context, account common.Address, blockNumber *big.Int) (*big.Int, error)
	StorageAt(ctx context.Context, account common.Address, key common.Hash, blockNumber *big.Int) ([]byte, error)
	CodeAt(ctx context.Context, account common.Address, blockNumber *big.Int) ([]byte, error)
	NonceAt(ctx context.Context, account common.Address, blockNumber *big.Int) (uint64, error)
}

ChainStateReader wraps access to the state trie of the canonical blockchain. Note that implementations of the interface may be unable to return state values for old blocks. In many cases, using CallContract can be preferable to reading raw contract storage.

type ChainSyncReader

type ChainSyncReader interface {
	SyncProgress(ctx context.Context) (*SyncProgress, error)
}

ChainSyncReader wraps access to the node's current sync status. If there's no sync currently running, it returns nil.

type ContractCaller

type ContractCaller interface {
	CallContract(ctx context.Context, call CallMsg, blockNumber *big.Int) ([]byte, error)
}

A ContractCaller provides contract calls, essentially transactions that are executed by the EVM but not mined into the blockchain. ContractCall is a low-level method to execute such calls. For applications which are structured around specific contracts, the abigen tool provides a nicer, properly typed way to perform calls.

type FilterQuery

type FilterQuery struct {
	BlockHash *common.Hash     // used by eth_getLogs, return logs only from block with this hash
	FromBlock *big.Int         // beginning of the queried range, nil means genesis block
	ToBlock   *big.Int         // end of the range, nil means latest block
	Addresses []common.Address // restricts matches to events created by specific contracts

	// The Topic list restricts matches to particular event topics. Each event has a list
	// of topics. Topics matches a prefix of that list. An empty element slice matches any
	// topic. Non-empty elements represent an alternative that matches any of the
	// contained topics.
	//
	// Examples:
	// {} or nil          matches any topic list
	// {{A}}              matches topic A in first position
	// {{}, {B}}          matches any topic in first position, B in second position
	// {{A}, {B}}         matches topic A in first position, B in second position
	// {{A, B}}, {C, D}}  matches topic (A OR B) in first position, (C OR D) in second position
	Topics [][]common.Hash
}

FilterQuery contains options for contract log filtering.

type GasEstimator

type GasEstimator interface {
	EstimateGas(ctx context.Context, call CallMsg) (uint64, error)
}

GasEstimator wraps EstimateGas, which tries to estimate the gas needed to execute a specific transaction based on the pending state. There is no guarantee that this is the true gas limit requirement as other transactions may be added or removed by miners, but it should provide a basis for setting a reasonable default.

type GasPricer

type GasPricer interface {
	SuggestGasPrice(ctx context.Context) (*big.Int, error)
}

GasPricer wraps the gas price oracle, which monitors the blockchain to determine the optimal gas price given current fee market conditions.

type LogFilterer

type LogFilterer interface {
	FilterLogs(ctx context.Context, q FilterQuery) ([]types.Log, error)
	SubscribeFilterLogs(ctx context.Context, q FilterQuery, ch chan<- types.Log) (Subscription, error)
}

LogFilterer provides access to contract log events using a one-off query or continuous event subscription.

Logs received through a streaming query subscription may have Removed set to true, indicating that the log was reverted due to a chain reorganisation.

type PendingContractCaller

type PendingContractCaller interface {
	PendingCallContract(ctx context.Context, call CallMsg) ([]byte, error)
}

PendingContractCaller can be used to perform calls against the pending state.

type PendingStateEventer

type PendingStateEventer interface {
	SubscribePendingTransactions(ctx context.Context, ch chan<- *types.Transaction) (Subscription, error)
}

A PendingStateEventer provides access to real time notifications about changes to the pending state.

type PendingStateReader

type PendingStateReader interface {
	PendingBalanceAt(ctx context.Context, account common.Address) (*big.Int, error)
	PendingStorageAt(ctx context.Context, account common.Address, key common.Hash) ([]byte, error)
	PendingCodeAt(ctx context.Context, account common.Address) ([]byte, error)
	PendingNonceAt(ctx context.Context, account common.Address) (uint64, error)
	PendingTransactionCount(ctx context.Context) (uint, error)
}

A PendingStateReader provides access to the pending state, which is the result of all known executable transactions which have not yet been included in the blockchain. It is commonly used to display the result of ’unconfirmed’ actions (e.g. wallet value transfers) initiated by the user. The PendingNonceAt operation is a good way to retrieve the next available transaction nonce for a specific account.

type Subscription

type Subscription interface {
	// Unsubscribe cancels the sending of events to the data channel
	// and closes the error channel.
	Unsubscribe()
	// Err returns the subscription error channel. The error channel receives
	// a value if there is an issue with the subscription (e.g. the network connection
	// delivering the events has been closed). Only one value will ever be sent.
	// The error channel is closed by Unsubscribe.
	Err() <-chan error
}

Subscription represents an event subscription where events are delivered on a data channel.

type SyncProgress

type SyncProgress struct {
	StartingBlock uint64 // Block number where sync began
	CurrentBlock  uint64 // Current block number where sync is at
	HighestBlock  uint64 // Highest alleged block number in the chain
	PulledStates  uint64 // Number of state trie entries already downloaded
	KnownStates   uint64 // Total number of state trie entries known about
}

SyncProgress gives progress indications when the node is synchronising with the Ethereum network.

type TransactionReader

type TransactionReader interface {
	// TransactionByHash checks the pool of pending transactions in addition to the
	// blockchain. The isPending return value indicates whether the transaction has been
	// mined yet. Note that the transaction may not be part of the canonical chain even if
	// it's not pending.
	TransactionByHash(ctx context.Context, txHash common.Hash) (tx *types.Transaction, isPending bool, err error)
	// TransactionReceipt returns the receipt of a mined transaction. Note that the
	// transaction may not be included in the current canonical chain even if a receipt
	// exists.
	TransactionReceipt(ctx context.Context, txHash common.Hash) (*types.Receipt, error)
}

TransactionReader provides access to past transactions and their receipts. Implementations may impose arbitrary restrictions on the transactions and receipts that can be retrieved. Historic transactions may not be available.

Avoid relying on this interface if possible. Contract logs (through the LogFilterer interface) are more reliable and usually safer in the presence of chain reorganisations.

The returned error is NotFound if the requested item does not exist.

type TransactionSender

type TransactionSender interface {
	SendTransaction(ctx context.Context, tx *types.Transaction) error
}

TransactionSender wraps transaction sending. The SendTransaction method injects a signed transaction into the pending transaction pool for execution. If the transaction was a contract creation, the TransactionReceipt method can be used to retrieve the contract address after the transaction has been mined.

The transaction must be signed and have a valid nonce to be included. Consumers of the API can use package accounts to maintain local private keys and need can retrieve the next available nonce using PendingNonceAt.

Directories

Path Synopsis
Package accounts implements high level Ethereum account management.
Package accounts implements high level Ethereum account management.
abi
Package abi implements the Ethereum ABI (Application Binary Interface).
Package abi implements the Ethereum ABI (Application Binary Interface).
abi/bind
Package bind generates Ethereum contract Go bindings.
Package bind generates Ethereum contract Go bindings.
keystore
Package keystore implements encrypted storage of secp256k1 private keys.
Package keystore implements encrypted storage of secp256k1 private keys.
usbwallet
Package usbwallet implements support for USB hardware wallets.
Package usbwallet implements support for USB hardware wallets.
usbwallet/internal/trezor
Package trezor contains the wire protocol wrapper in Go.
Package trezor contains the wire protocol wrapper in Go.
cmd
bootnode
bootnode runs a bootstrap node for the Ethereum Discovery Protocol.
bootnode runs a bootstrap node for the Ethereum Discovery Protocol.
clef
signer is a utility that can be used so sign transactions and arbitrary data.
signer is a utility that can be used so sign transactions and arbitrary data.
evm
evm executes EVM code snippets.
evm executes EVM code snippets.
faucet
faucet is a Ether faucet backed by a light client.
faucet is a Ether faucet backed by a light client.
gem
gem is the official command-line client for Ethereum.
gem is the official command-line client for Ethereum.
internal/browser
Package browser provides utilities for interacting with users' browsers.
Package browser provides utilities for interacting with users' browsers.
p2psim
p2psim provides a command-line client for a simulation HTTP API.
p2psim provides a command-line client for a simulation HTTP API.
puppgem
puppeth is a command to assemble and maintain private networks.
puppeth is a command to assemble and maintain private networks.
rlpdump
rlpdump is a pretty-printer for RLP data.
rlpdump is a pretty-printer for RLP data.
utils
Package utils contains internal helper functions for go-ethereum commands.
Package utils contains internal helper functions for go-ethereum commands.
Package common contains various helper functions.
Package common contains various helper functions.
bitutil
Package bitutil implements fast bitwise operations.
Package bitutil implements fast bitwise operations.
compiler
Package compiler wraps the Solidity compiler executable (solc).
Package compiler wraps the Solidity compiler executable (solc).
hexutil
Package hexutil implements hex encoding with 0x prefix.
Package hexutil implements hex encoding with 0x prefix.
math
Package math provides integer math utilities.
Package math provides integer math utilities.
mclock
Package mclock is a wrapper for a monotonic clock source
Package mclock is a wrapper for a monotonic clock source
Package consensus implements different Ethereum consensus engines.
Package consensus implements different Ethereum consensus engines.
clique
Package clique implements the proof-of-authority consensus engine.
Package clique implements the proof-of-authority consensus engine.
gemhash
Package ethash implements the ethash proof-of-work consensus engine.
Package ethash implements the ethash proof-of-work consensus engine.
contracts
chequebook
Package chequebook package wraps the 'chequebook' Ethereum smart contract.
Package chequebook package wraps the 'chequebook' Ethereum smart contract.
ens
Package core implements the Ethereum consensus protocol.
Package core implements the Ethereum consensus protocol.
asm
Provides support for dealing with EVM assembly instructions (e.g., disassembling them).
Provides support for dealing with EVM assembly instructions (e.g., disassembling them).
bloombits
Package bloombits implements bloom filtering on batches of data.
Package bloombits implements bloom filtering on batches of data.
rawdb
Package rawdb contains a collection of low level database accessors.
Package rawdb contains a collection of low level database accessors.
state
Package state provides a caching layer atop the Ethereum state trie.
Package state provides a caching layer atop the Ethereum state trie.
types
Package types contains data types related to Ethereum consensus.
Package types contains data types related to Ethereum consensus.
vm
Package vm implements the Ethereum Virtual Machine.
Package vm implements the Ethereum Virtual Machine.
vm/runtime
Package runtime provides a basic execution model for executing EVM code.
Package runtime provides a basic execution model for executing EVM code.
bn256
Package bn256 implements the Optimal Ate pairing over a 256-bit Barreto-Naehrig curve.
Package bn256 implements the Optimal Ate pairing over a 256-bit Barreto-Naehrig curve.
bn256/cloudflare
Package bn256 implements a particular bilinear group at the 128-bit security level.
Package bn256 implements a particular bilinear group at the 128-bit security level.
bn256/google
Package bn256 implements a particular bilinear group.
Package bn256 implements a particular bilinear group.
secp256k1
Package secp256k1 wraps the bitcoin secp256k1 C library.
Package secp256k1 wraps the bitcoin secp256k1 C library.
sha3
Package sha3 implements the SHA-3 fixed-output-length hash functions and the SHAKE variable-output-length hash functions defined by FIPS-202.
Package sha3 implements the SHA-3 fixed-output-length hash functions and the SHAKE variable-output-length hash functions defined by FIPS-202.
Package event deals with subscriptions to real-time events.
Package event deals with subscriptions to real-time events.
filter
Package filter implements event filters.
Package filter implements event filters.
gem
Package eth implements the Ethereum protocol.
Package eth implements the Ethereum protocol.
downloader
Package downloader contains the manual full chain synchronisation.
Package downloader contains the manual full chain synchronisation.
fetcher
Package fetcher contains the block announcement based synchronisation.
Package fetcher contains the block announcement based synchronisation.
filters
Package filters implements an ethereum filtering system for block, transactions and log events.
Package filters implements an ethereum filtering system for block, transactions and log events.
tracers
Package tracers is a collection of JavaScript transaction tracers.
Package tracers is a collection of JavaScript transaction tracers.
tracers/internal/tracers
Package tracers contains the actual JavaScript tracer assets.
Package tracers contains the actual JavaScript tracer assets.
Package ethclient provides a client for the Ethereum RPC API.
Package ethclient provides a client for the Ethereum RPC API.
Package ethstats implements the network stats reporting service.
Package ethstats implements the network stats reporting service.
internal
debug
Package debug interfaces Go runtime debugging facilities.
Package debug interfaces Go runtime debugging facilities.
gemapi
Package ethapi implements the general Ethereum API functions.
Package ethapi implements the general Ethereum API functions.
guide
Package guide is a small test suite to ensure snippets in the dev guide work.
Package guide is a small test suite to ensure snippets in the dev guide work.
jsre
Package jsre provides execution environment for JavaScript.
Package jsre provides execution environment for JavaScript.
jsre/deps
Package deps contains the console JavaScript dependencies Go embedded.
Package deps contains the console JavaScript dependencies Go embedded.
web3ext
package web3ext contains geth specific web3.js extensions.
package web3ext contains geth specific web3.js extensions.
les
Package les implements the Light Ethereum Subprotocol.
Package les implements the Light Ethereum Subprotocol.
flowcontrol
Package flowcontrol implements a client side flow control mechanism Package flowcontrol implements a client side flow control mechanism
Package flowcontrol implements a client side flow control mechanism Package flowcontrol implements a client side flow control mechanism
Package light implements on-demand retrieval capable state and chain objects for the Ethereum Light Client.
Package light implements on-demand retrieval capable state and chain objects for the Ethereum Light Client.
log
Package log15 provides an opinionated, simple toolkit for best-practice logging that is both human and machine readable.
Package log15 provides an opinionated, simple toolkit for best-practice logging that is both human and machine readable.
Go port of Coda Hale's Metrics library <https://github.com/rcrowley/go-metrics> Coda Hale's original work: <https://github.com/codahale/metrics>
Go port of Coda Hale's Metrics library <https://github.com/rcrowley/go-metrics> Coda Hale's original work: <https://github.com/codahale/metrics>
exp
Hook go-metrics into expvar on any /debug/metrics request, load all vars from the registry into expvar, and execute regular expvar handler
Hook go-metrics into expvar on any /debug/metrics request, load all vars from the registry into expvar, and execute regular expvar handler
Package miner implements Ethereum block creation and mining.
Package miner implements Ethereum block creation and mining.
Package geth contains the simplified mobile APIs to go-ethereum.
Package geth contains the simplified mobile APIs to go-ethereum.
Package node sets up multi-protocol Ethereum nodes.
Package node sets up multi-protocol Ethereum nodes.
p2p
Package p2p implements the Ethereum p2p network protocols.
Package p2p implements the Ethereum p2p network protocols.
discover
Package discover implements the Node Discovery Protocol.
Package discover implements the Node Discovery Protocol.
discv5
Package discv5 implements the RLPx v5 Topic Discovery Protocol.
Package discv5 implements the RLPx v5 Topic Discovery Protocol.
enr
Package enr implements Ethereum Node Records as defined in EIP-778.
Package enr implements Ethereum Node Records as defined in EIP-778.
nat
Package nat provides access to common network port mapping protocols.
Package nat provides access to common network port mapping protocols.
netutil
Package netutil contains extensions to the net package.
Package netutil contains extensions to the net package.
protocols
Package protocols is an extension to p2p.
Package protocols is an extension to p2p.
simulations
Package simulations simulates p2p networks.
Package simulations simulates p2p networks.
Package rlp implements the RLP serialization format.
Package rlp implements the RLP serialization format.
Package rpc provides access to the exported methods of an object across a network or other I/O connection.
Package rpc provides access to the exported methods of an object across a network or other I/O connection.
signer
rules/deps
Package deps contains the console JavaScript dependencies Go embedded.
Package deps contains the console JavaScript dependencies Go embedded.
api
api/http
A simple http server interface to Swarm
A simple http server interface to Swarm
bmt
Package bmt provides a binary merkle tree implementation used for swarm chunk hash Package bmt is a simple nonconcurrent reference implementation for hashsize segment based Binary Merkle tree hash on arbitrary but fixed maximum chunksize This implementation does not take advantage of any paralellisms and uses far more memory than necessary, but it is easy to see that it is correct.
Package bmt provides a binary merkle tree implementation used for swarm chunk hash Package bmt is a simple nonconcurrent reference implementation for hashsize segment based Binary Merkle tree hash on arbitrary but fixed maximum chunksize This implementation does not take advantage of any paralellisms and uses far more memory than necessary, but it is easy to see that it is correct.
log
network/simulations
You can run this simulation using go run ./swarm/network/simulations/overlay.go
You can run this simulation using go run ./swarm/network/simulations/overlay.go
pot
Package pot see doc.go Package pot (proximity order tree) implements a container similar to a binary tree.
Package pot see doc.go Package pot (proximity order tree) implements a container similar to a binary tree.
pss
Pss provides devp2p functionality for swarm nodes without the need for a direct tcp connection between them.
Pss provides devp2p functionality for swarm nodes without the need for a direct tcp connection between them.
pss/client
simple abstraction for implementing pss functionality the pss client library aims to simplify usage of the p2p.protocols package over pss IO is performed using the ordinary p2p.MsgReadWriter interface, which transparently communicates with a pss node via RPC using websockets as transport layer, using methods in the PssAPI class in the swarm/pss package Minimal-ish usage example (requires a running pss node with websocket RPC): import ( "context" "fmt" "os" pss "github.com/gem/go-gem/swarm/pss/client" "github.com/gem/go-gem/p2p/protocols" "github.com/gem/go-gem/p2p" "github.com/gem/go-gem/swarm/pot" "github.com/gem/go-gem/swarm/log" ) type FooMsg struct { Bar int } func fooHandler (msg interface{}) error { foomsg, ok := msg.(*FooMsg) if ok { log.Debug("Yay, just got a message", "msg", foomsg) } return errors.New(fmt.Sprintf("Unknown message")) } spec := &protocols.Spec{ Name: "foo", Version: 1, MaxMsgSize: 1024, Messages: []interface{}{ FooMsg{}, }, } proto := &p2p.Protocol{ Name: spec.Name, Version: spec.Version, Length: uint64(len(spec.Messages)), Run: func(p *p2p.Peer, rw p2p.MsgReadWriter) error { pp := protocols.NewPeer(p, rw, spec) return pp.Run(fooHandler) }, } func implementation() { cfg := pss.NewClientConfig() psc := pss.NewClient(context.Background(), nil, cfg) err := psc.Start() if err != nil { log.Crit("can't start pss client") os.Exit(1) } log.Debug("connected to pss node", "bzz addr", psc.BaseAddr) err = psc.RunProtocol(proto) if err != nil { log.Crit("can't start protocol on pss websocket") os.Exit(1) } addr := pot.RandomAddress() // should be a real address, of course psc.AddPssPeer(addr, spec) // use the protocol for something psc.Stop() } BUG(test): TestIncoming test times out due to deadlock issues in the swarm hive
simple abstraction for implementing pss functionality the pss client library aims to simplify usage of the p2p.protocols package over pss IO is performed using the ordinary p2p.MsgReadWriter interface, which transparently communicates with a pss node via RPC using websockets as transport layer, using methods in the PssAPI class in the swarm/pss package Minimal-ish usage example (requires a running pss node with websocket RPC): import ( "context" "fmt" "os" pss "github.com/gem/go-gem/swarm/pss/client" "github.com/gem/go-gem/p2p/protocols" "github.com/gem/go-gem/p2p" "github.com/gem/go-gem/swarm/pot" "github.com/gem/go-gem/swarm/log" ) type FooMsg struct { Bar int } func fooHandler (msg interface{}) error { foomsg, ok := msg.(*FooMsg) if ok { log.Debug("Yay, just got a message", "msg", foomsg) } return errors.New(fmt.Sprintf("Unknown message")) } spec := &protocols.Spec{ Name: "foo", Version: 1, MaxMsgSize: 1024, Messages: []interface{}{ FooMsg{}, }, } proto := &p2p.Protocol{ Name: spec.Name, Version: spec.Version, Length: uint64(len(spec.Messages)), Run: func(p *p2p.Peer, rw p2p.MsgReadWriter) error { pp := protocols.NewPeer(p, rw, spec) return pp.Run(fooHandler) }, } func implementation() { cfg := pss.NewClientConfig() psc := pss.NewClient(context.Background(), nil, cfg) err := psc.Start() if err != nil { log.Crit("can't start pss client") os.Exit(1) } log.Debug("connected to pss node", "bzz addr", psc.BaseAddr) err = psc.RunProtocol(proto) if err != nil { log.Crit("can't start protocol on pss websocket") os.Exit(1) } addr := pot.RandomAddress() // should be a real address, of course psc.AddPssPeer(addr, spec) // use the protocol for something psc.Stop() } BUG(test): TestIncoming test times out due to deadlock issues in the swarm hive
storage/mock
Package mock defines types that are used by different implementations of mock storages.
Package mock defines types that are used by different implementations of mock storages.
storage/mock/db
Package db implements a mock store that keeps all chunk data in LevelDB database.
Package db implements a mock store that keeps all chunk data in LevelDB database.
storage/mock/mem
Package mem implements a mock store that keeps all chunk data in memory.
Package mem implements a mock store that keeps all chunk data in memory.
storage/mock/rpc
Package rpc implements an RPC client that connect to a centralized mock store.
Package rpc implements an RPC client that connect to a centralized mock store.
storage/mock/test
Package test provides functions that are used for testing GlobalStorer implementations.
Package test provides functions that are used for testing GlobalStorer implementations.
storage/mru
Package mru defines Mutable resource updates.
Package mru defines Mutable resource updates.
Package tests implements execution of Ethereum JSON tests.
Package tests implements execution of Ethereum JSON tests.
Package trie implements Merkle Patricia Tries.
Package trie implements Merkle Patricia Tries.
whisper
whisperv5
Package whisperv5 implements the Whisper protocol (version 5).
Package whisperv5 implements the Whisper protocol (version 5).

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