testing

package standard library
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 Go to latest Published: Oct 29, 2024 License: BSD-3-Clause Imports: 26 Imported by: 92,119

Documentation

Overview

Package testing provides support for automated testing of Go packages. It is intended to be used in concert with the "go test" command, which automates execution of any function of the form 

func TestXxx(*testing.T)

where Xxx does not start with a lowercase letter. The function name serves to identify the test routine.

Within these functions, use the Error, Fail or related methods to signal failure.

To write a new test suite, create a file that contains the TestXxx functions as described here, and give that file a name ending in "_test.go". The file will be excluded from regular package builds but will be included when the "go test" command is run.

The test file can be in the same package as the one being tested, or in a corresponding package with the suffix "_test".

If the test file is in the same package, it may refer to unexported identifiers within the package, as in this example: 

package abs

import "testing"

func TestAbs(t *testing.T) {
    got := Abs(-1)
    if got != 1 {
        t.Errorf("Abs(-1) = %d; want 1", got)
    }
}

If the file is in a separate "_test" package, the package being tested must be imported explicitly and only its exported identifiers may be used. This is known as "black box" testing. 

package abs_test

import (
	"testing"

	"path_to_pkg/abs"
)

func TestAbs(t *testing.T) {
    got := abs.Abs(-1)
    if got != 1 {
        t.Errorf("Abs(-1) = %d; want 1", got)
    }
}

For more detail, run "go help test" and "go help testflag".

Benchmarks

Functions of the form 

func BenchmarkXxx(*testing.B)

are considered benchmarks, and are executed by the "go test" command when its -bench flag is provided. Benchmarks are run sequentially.

For a description of the testing flags, see https://golang.org/cmd/go/#hdr-Testing_flags.

A sample benchmark function looks like this: 

func BenchmarkRandInt(b *testing.B) {
    for range b.N {
        rand.Int()
    }
}

The benchmark function must run the target code b.N times. It is called multiple times with b.N adjusted until the benchmark function lasts long enough to be timed reliably. The output 

BenchmarkRandInt-8   	68453040	        17.8 ns/op

means that the loop ran 68453040 times at a speed of 17.8 ns per loop.

If a benchmark needs some expensive setup before running, the timer may be reset: 

func BenchmarkBigLen(b *testing.B) {
    big := NewBig()
    b.ResetTimer()
    for range b.N {
        big.Len()
    }
}

If a benchmark needs to test performance in a parallel setting, it may use the RunParallel helper function; such benchmarks are intended to be used with the go test -cpu flag: 

func BenchmarkTemplateParallel(b *testing.B) {
    templ := template.Must(template.New("test").Parse("Hello, {{.}}!"))
    b.RunParallel(func(pb *testing.PB) {
        var buf bytes.Buffer
        for pb.Next() {
            buf.Reset()
            templ.Execute(&buf, "World")
        }
    })
}

A detailed specification of the benchmark results format is given in https://golang.org/design/14313-benchmark-format.

There are standard tools for working with benchmark results at https://golang.org/x/perf/cmd. In particular, https://golang.org/x/perf/cmd/benchstat performs statistically robust A/B comparisons.

Examples

The package also runs and verifies example code. Example functions may include a concluding line comment that begins with "Output:" and is compared with the standard output of the function when the tests are run. (The comparison ignores leading and trailing space.) These are examples of an example: 

func ExampleHello() {
    fmt.Println("hello")
    // Output: hello
}

func ExampleSalutations() {
    fmt.Println("hello, and")
    fmt.Println("goodbye")
    // Output:
    // hello, and
    // goodbye
}

The comment prefix "Unordered output:" is like "Output:", but matches any line order: 

func ExamplePerm() {
    for _, value := range Perm(5) {
        fmt.Println(value)
    }
    // Unordered output: 4
    // 2
    // 1
    // 3
    // 0
}

Example functions without output comments are compiled but not executed.

The naming convention to declare examples for the package, a function F, a type T and method M on type T are: 

func Example() { ... }
func ExampleF() { ... }
func ExampleT() { ... }
func ExampleT_M() { ... }

Multiple example functions for a package/type/function/method may be provided by appending a distinct suffix to the name. The suffix must start with a lower-case letter. 

func Example_suffix() { ... }
func ExampleF_suffix() { ... }
func ExampleT_suffix() { ... }
func ExampleT_M_suffix() { ... }

The entire test file is presented as the example when it contains a single example function, at least one other function, type, variable, or constant declaration, and no test or benchmark functions.

Fuzzing

'go test' and the testing package support fuzzing, a testing technique where a function is called with randomly generated inputs to find bugs not anticipated by unit tests.

Functions of the form 

func FuzzXxx(*testing.F)

are considered fuzz tests.

For example: 

func FuzzHex(f *testing.F) {
  for _, seed := range [][]byte{{}, {0}, {9}, {0xa}, {0xf}, {1, 2, 3, 4}} {
    f.Add(seed)
  }
  f.Fuzz(func(t *testing.T, in []byte) {
    enc := hex.EncodeToString(in)
    out, err := hex.DecodeString(enc)
    if err != nil {
      t.Fatalf("%v: decode: %v", in, err)
    }
    if !bytes.Equal(in, out) {
      t.Fatalf("%v: not equal after round trip: %v", in, out)
    }
  })
}

A fuzz test maintains a seed corpus, or a set of inputs which are run by default, and can seed input generation. Seed inputs may be registered by calling (*F).Add or by storing files in the directory testdata/fuzz/<Name> (where <Name> is the name of the fuzz test) within the package containing the fuzz test. Seed inputs are optional, but the fuzzing engine may find bugs more efficiently when provided with a set of small seed inputs with good code coverage. These seed inputs can also serve as regression tests for bugs identified through fuzzing.

The function passed to (*F).Fuzz within the fuzz test is considered the fuzz target. A fuzz target must accept a *T parameter, followed by one or more parameters for random inputs. The types of arguments passed to (*F).Add must be identical to the types of these parameters. The fuzz target may signal that it's found a problem the same way tests do: by calling T.Fail (or any method that calls it like T.Error or T.Fatal) or by panicking.

When fuzzing is enabled (by setting the -fuzz flag to a regular expression that matches a specific fuzz test), the fuzz target is called with arguments generated by repeatedly making random changes to the seed inputs. On supported platforms, 'go test' compiles the test executable with fuzzing coverage instrumentation. The fuzzing engine uses that instrumentation to find and cache inputs that expand coverage, increasing the likelihood of finding bugs. If the fuzz target fails for a given input, the fuzzing engine writes the inputs that caused the failure to a file in the directory testdata/fuzz/<Name> within the package directory. This file later serves as a seed input. If the file can't be written at that location (for example, because the directory is read-only), the fuzzing engine writes the file to the fuzz cache directory within the build cache instead.

When fuzzing is disabled, the fuzz target is called with the seed inputs registered with F.Add and seed inputs from testdata/fuzz/<Name>. In this mode, the fuzz test acts much like a regular test, with subtests started with F.Fuzz instead of T.Run.

See https://go.dev/doc/fuzz for documentation about fuzzing.

Skipping

Tests or benchmarks may be skipped at run time with a call to the Skip method of *T or *B: 

func TestTimeConsuming(t *testing.T) {
    if testing.Short() {
        t.Skip("skipping test in short mode.")
    }
    ...
}

The Skip method of *T can be used in a fuzz target if the input is invalid, but should not be considered a failing input. For example: 

func FuzzJSONMarshaling(f *testing.F) {
    f.Fuzz(func(t *testing.T, b []byte) {
        var v interface{}
        if err := json.Unmarshal(b, &v); err != nil {
            t.Skip()
        }
        if _, err := json.Marshal(v); err != nil {
            t.Errorf("Marshal: %v", err)
        }
    })
}

Subtests and Sub-benchmarks

The Run methods of T and B allow defining subtests and sub-benchmarks, without having to define separate functions for each. This enables uses like table-driven benchmarks and creating hierarchical tests. It also provides a way to share common setup and tear-down code: 

func TestFoo(t *testing.T) {
    // <setup code>
    t.Run("A=1", func(t *testing.T) { ... })
    t.Run("A=2", func(t *testing.T) { ... })
    t.Run("B=1", func(t *testing.T) { ... })
    // <tear-down code>
}

Each subtest and sub-benchmark has a unique name: the combination of the name of the top-level test and the sequence of names passed to Run, separated by slashes, with an optional trailing sequence number for disambiguation.

The argument to the -run, -bench, and -fuzz command-line flags is an unanchored regular expression that matches the test's name. For tests with multiple slash-separated elements, such as subtests, the argument is itself slash-separated, with expressions matching each name element in turn. Because it is unanchored, an empty expression matches any string. For example, using "matching" to mean "whose name contains": 

go test -run ''        # Run all tests.
go test -run Foo       # Run top-level tests matching "Foo", such as "TestFooBar".
go test -run Foo/A=    # For top-level tests matching "Foo", run subtests matching "A=".
go test -run /A=1      # For all top-level tests, run subtests matching "A=1".
go test -fuzz FuzzFoo  # Fuzz the target matching "FuzzFoo"

The -run argument can also be used to run a specific value in the seed corpus, for debugging. For example: 

go test -run=FuzzFoo/9ddb952d9814

The -fuzz and -run flags can both be set, in order to fuzz a target but skip the execution of all other tests.

Subtests can also be used to control parallelism. A parent test will only complete once all of its subtests complete. In this example, all tests are run in parallel with each other, and only with each other, regardless of other top-level tests that may be defined: 

func TestGroupedParallel(t *testing.T) {
    for _, tc := range tests {
        tc := tc // capture range variable
        t.Run(tc.Name, func(t *testing.T) {
            t.Parallel()
            ...
        })
    }
}

Run does not return until parallel subtests have completed, providing a way to clean up after a group of parallel tests: 

func TestTeardownParallel(t *testing.T) {
    // This Run will not return until the parallel tests finish.
    t.Run("group", func(t *testing.T) {
        t.Run("Test1", parallelTest1)
        t.Run("Test2", parallelTest2)
        t.Run("Test3", parallelTest3)
    })
    // <tear-down code>
}

Main

It is sometimes necessary for a test or benchmark program to do extra setup or teardown before or after it executes. It is also sometimes necessary to control which code runs on the main thread. To support these and other cases, if a test file contains a function: 

func TestMain(m *testing.M)

then the generated test will call TestMain(m) instead of running the tests or benchmarks directly. TestMain runs in the main goroutine and can do whatever setup and teardown is necessary around a call to m.Run. m.Run will return an exit code that may be passed to os.Exit. If TestMain returns, the test wrapper will pass the result of m.Run to os.Exit itself.

When TestMain is called, flag.Parse has not been run. If TestMain depends on command-line flags, including those of the testing package, it should call flag.Parse explicitly. Command line flags are always parsed by the time test or benchmark functions run.

A simple implementation of TestMain is: 

func TestMain(m *testing.M) {
	// call flag.Parse() here if TestMain uses flags
	m.Run()
}

TestMain is a low-level primitive and should not be necessary for casual testing needs, where ordinary test functions suffice.

Index

Examples

Constants

This section is empty.

Variables

This section is empty.

Functions

func AllocsPerRun added in go1.1 

func AllocsPerRun(runs int, f func()) (avg float64)

AllocsPerRun returns the average number of allocations during calls to f. Although the return value has type float64, it will always be an integral value.

To compute the number of allocations, the function will first be run once as a warm-up. The average number of allocations over the specified number of runs will then be measured and returned.

AllocsPerRun sets GOMAXPROCS to 1 during its measurement and will restore it before returning.

func CoverMode added in go1.8 

func CoverMode() string

CoverMode reports what the test coverage mode is set to. The values are "set", "count", or "atomic". The return value will be empty if test coverage is not enabled.

func Coverage added in go1.4 

func Coverage() float64

Coverage reports the current code coverage as a fraction in the range [0, 1]. If coverage is not enabled, Coverage returns 0.

When running a large set of sequential test cases, checking Coverage after each one can be useful for identifying which test cases exercise new code paths. It is not a replacement for the reports generated by 'go test -cover' and 'go tool cover'.

func Init added in go1.13 

func Init()

Init registers testing flags. These flags are automatically registered by the "go test" command before running test functions, so Init is only needed when calling functions such as Benchmark without using "go test".

Init is not safe to call concurrently. It has no effect if it was already called.

func Main 

func Main(matchString func(pat, str string) (bool, error), tests []InternalTest, benchmarks []InternalBenchmark, examples []InternalExample)

Main is an internal function, part of the implementation of the "go test" command. It was exported because it is cross-package and predates "internal" packages. It is no longer used by "go test" but preserved, as much as possible, for other systems that simulate "go test" using Main, but Main sometimes cannot be updated as new functionality is added to the testing package. Systems simulating "go test" should be updated to use MainStart.

func RegisterCover added in go1.2 

func RegisterCover(c Cover)

RegisterCover records the coverage data accumulators for the tests. NOTE: This function is internal to the testing infrastructure and may change. It is not covered (yet) by the Go 1 compatibility guidelines.

func RunBenchmarks 

func RunBenchmarks(matchString func(pat, str string) (bool, error), benchmarks []InternalBenchmark)

RunBenchmarks is an internal function but exported because it is cross-package; it is part of the implementation of the "go test" command.

func RunExamples 

func RunExamples(matchString func(pat, str string) (bool, error), examples []InternalExample) (ok bool)

RunExamples is an internal function but exported because it is cross-package; it is part of the implementation of the "go test" command.

func RunTests 

func RunTests(matchString func(pat, str string) (bool, error), tests []InternalTest) (ok bool)

RunTests is an internal function but exported because it is cross-package; it is part of the implementation of the "go test" command.

func Short 

func Short() bool

Short reports whether the -test.short flag is set.

func Testing added in go1.21.0 

func Testing() bool

Testing reports whether the current code is being run in a test. This will report true in programs created by "go test", false in programs created by "go build".

func Verbose added in go1.1 

func Verbose() bool

Verbose reports whether the -test.v flag is set.

Types

type B 

type B struct {
	N int
	// contains filtered or unexported fields
}

B is a type passed to Benchmark functions to manage benchmark timing and to specify the number of iterations to run.

A benchmark ends when its Benchmark function returns or calls any of the methods FailNow, Fatal, Fatalf, SkipNow, Skip, or Skipf. Those methods must be called only from the goroutine running the Benchmark function. The other reporting methods, such as the variations of Log and Error, may be called simultaneously from multiple goroutines.

Like in tests, benchmark logs are accumulated during execution and dumped to standard output when done. Unlike in tests, benchmark logs are always printed, so as not to hide output whose existence may be affecting benchmark results.

func (*B) Chdir 

func (c *B) Chdir(dir string)

Chdir calls os.Chdir(dir) and uses Cleanup to restore the current working directory to its original value after the test. On Unix, it also sets PWD environment variable for the duration of the test.

Because Chdir affects the whole process, it cannot be used in parallel tests or tests with parallel ancestors.

func (*B) Cleanup added in go1.14 

func (c *B) Cleanup(f func())

Cleanup registers a function to be called when the test (or subtest) and all its subtests complete. Cleanup functions will be called in last added, first called order.

func (*B) Context 

func (c *B) Context() context.Context

Context returns a context that is canceled just before T.Cleanup-registered functions are called.

Cleanup functions can wait for any resources that shut down on Context.Done before the test completes.

func (*B) Elapsed added in go1.20 

func (b *B) Elapsed() time.Duration

Elapsed returns the measured elapsed time of the benchmark. The duration reported by Elapsed matches the one measured by B.StartTimer, B.StopTimer, and B.ResetTimer.

func (*B) Error 

func (c *B) Error(args ...any)

Error is equivalent to Log followed by Fail.

func (*B) Errorf 

func (c *B) Errorf(format string, args ...any)

Errorf is equivalent to Logf followed by Fail.

func (*B) Fail 

func (c *B) Fail()

Fail marks the function as having failed but continues execution.

func (*B) FailNow 

func (c *B) FailNow()

FailNow marks the function as having failed and stops its execution by calling runtime.Goexit (which then runs all deferred calls in the current goroutine). Execution will continue at the next test or benchmark. FailNow must be called from the goroutine running the test or benchmark function, not from other goroutines created during the test. Calling FailNow does not stop those other goroutines.

func (*B) Failed 

func (c *B) Failed() bool

Failed reports whether the function has failed.

func (*B) Fatal 

func (c *B) Fatal(args ...any)

Fatal is equivalent to Log followed by FailNow.

func (*B) Fatalf 

func (c *B) Fatalf(format string, args ...any)

Fatalf is equivalent to Logf followed by FailNow.

func (*B) Helper added in go1.9 

func (c *B) Helper()

Helper marks the calling function as a test helper function. When printing file and line information, that function will be skipped. Helper may be called simultaneously from multiple goroutines.

func (*B) Log 

func (c *B) Log(args ...any)

Log formats its arguments using default formatting, analogous to Println, and records the text in the error log. For tests, the text will be printed only if the test fails or the -test.v flag is set. For benchmarks, the text is always printed to avoid having performance depend on the value of the -test.v flag.

func (*B) Logf 

func (c *B) Logf(format string, args ...any)

Logf formats its arguments according to the format, analogous to Printf, and records the text in the error log. A final newline is added if not provided. For tests, the text will be printed only if the test fails or the -test.v flag is set. For benchmarks, the text is always printed to avoid having performance depend on the value of the -test.v flag.

func (*B) Loop 

func (b *B) Loop() bool

Loop returns true until b.N calls has been made to it.

A benchmark should either use Loop or contain an explicit loop from 0 to b.N, but not both. After the benchmark finishes, b.N will contain the total number of calls to op, so the benchmark may use b.N to compute other average metrics.

func (*B) Name added in go1.8 

func (c *B) Name() string

Name returns the name of the running (sub-) test or benchmark.

The name will include the name of the test along with the names of any nested sub-tests. If two sibling sub-tests have the same name, Name will append a suffix to guarantee the returned name is unique.

func (*B) ReportAllocs added in go1.1 

func (b *B) ReportAllocs()

ReportAllocs enables malloc statistics for this benchmark. It is equivalent to setting -test.benchmem, but it only affects the benchmark function that calls ReportAllocs.

func (*B) ReportMetric added in go1.13 

func (b *B) ReportMetric(n float64, unit string)

ReportMetric adds "n unit" to the reported benchmark results. If the metric is per-iteration, the caller should divide by b.N, and by convention units should end in "/op". ReportMetric overrides any previously reported value for the same unit. ReportMetric panics if unit is the empty string or if unit contains any whitespace. If unit is a unit normally reported by the benchmark framework itself (such as "allocs/op"), ReportMetric will override that metric. Setting "ns/op" to 0 will suppress that built-in metric.

Example 
package main

import (
	"cmp"
	"slices"
	"testing"
)

func main() {
	// This reports a custom benchmark metric relevant to a
	// specific algorithm (in this case, sorting).
	testing.Benchmark(func(b *testing.B) {
		var compares int64
		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
			s := []int{5, 4, 3, 2, 1}
			slices.SortFunc(s, func(a, b int) int {
				compares++
				return cmp.Compare(a, b)
			})
		}
		// This metric is per-operation, so divide by b.N and
		// report it as a "/op" unit.
		b.ReportMetric(float64(compares)/float64(b.N), "compares/op")
		// This metric is per-time, so divide by b.Elapsed and
		// report it as a "/ns" unit.
		b.ReportMetric(float64(compares)/float64(b.Elapsed().Nanoseconds()), "compares/ns")
	})
}

Output:
Example (Parallel) 
package main

import (
	"cmp"
	"slices"
	"sync/atomic"
	"testing"
)

func main() {
	// This reports a custom benchmark metric relevant to a
	// specific algorithm (in this case, sorting) in parallel.
	testing.Benchmark(func(b *testing.B) {
		var compares atomic.Int64
		b.RunParallel(func(pb *testing.PB) {
			for pb.Next() {
				s := []int{5, 4, 3, 2, 1}
				slices.SortFunc(s, func(a, b int) int {
					// Because RunParallel runs the function many
					// times in parallel, we must increment the
					// counter atomically to avoid racing writes.
					compares.Add(1)
					return cmp.Compare(a, b)
				})
			}
		})

		// NOTE: Report each metric once, after all of the parallel
		// calls have completed.

		// This metric is per-operation, so divide by b.N and
		// report it as a "/op" unit.
		b.ReportMetric(float64(compares.Load())/float64(b.N), "compares/op")
		// This metric is per-time, so divide by b.Elapsed and
		// report it as a "/ns" unit.
		b.ReportMetric(float64(compares.Load())/float64(b.Elapsed().Nanoseconds()), "compares/ns")
	})
}

Output:

func (*B) ResetTimer 

func (b *B) ResetTimer()

ResetTimer zeroes the elapsed benchmark time and memory allocation counters and deletes user-reported metrics. It does not affect whether the timer is running.

func (*B) Run added in go1.7 

func (b *B) Run(name string, f func(b *B)) bool

Run benchmarks f as a subbenchmark with the given name. It reports whether there were any failures.

A subbenchmark is like any other benchmark. A benchmark that calls Run at least once will not be measured itself and will be called once with N=1.

func (*B) RunParallel added in go1.3 

func (b *B) RunParallel(body func(*PB))

RunParallel runs a benchmark in parallel. It creates multiple goroutines and distributes b.N iterations among them. The number of goroutines defaults to GOMAXPROCS. To increase parallelism for non-CPU-bound benchmarks, call B.SetParallelism before RunParallel. RunParallel is usually used with the go test -cpu flag.

The body function will be run in each goroutine. It should set up any goroutine-local state and then iterate until pb.Next returns false. It should not use the B.StartTimer, B.StopTimer, or B.ResetTimer functions, because they have global effect. It should also not call B.Run.

RunParallel reports ns/op values as wall time for the benchmark as a whole, not the sum of wall time or CPU time over each parallel goroutine.

Example 
package main

import (
	"bytes"
	"testing"
	"text/template"
)

func main() {
	// Parallel benchmark for text/template.Template.Execute on a single object.
	testing.Benchmark(func(b *testing.B) {
		templ := template.Must(template.New("test").Parse("Hello, {{.}}!"))
		// RunParallel will create GOMAXPROCS goroutines
		// and distribute work among them.
		b.RunParallel(func(pb *testing.PB) {
			// Each goroutine has its own bytes.Buffer.
			var buf bytes.Buffer
			for pb.Next() {
				// The loop body is executed b.N times total across all goroutines.
				buf.Reset()
				templ.Execute(&buf, "World")
			}
		})
	})
}

Output:

func (*B) SetBytes 

func (b *B) SetBytes(n int64)

SetBytes records the number of bytes processed in a single operation. If this is called, the benchmark will report ns/op and MB/s.

func (*B) SetParallelism added in go1.3 

func (b *B) SetParallelism(p int)

SetParallelism sets the number of goroutines used by B.RunParallel to p*GOMAXPROCS. There is usually no need to call SetParallelism for CPU-bound benchmarks. If p is less than 1, this call will have no effect.

func (*B) Setenv added in go1.17 

func (c *B) Setenv(key, value string)

Setenv calls os.Setenv(key, value) and uses Cleanup to restore the environment variable to its original value after the test.

Because Setenv affects the whole process, it cannot be used in parallel tests or tests with parallel ancestors.

func (*B) Skip added in go1.1 

func (c *B) Skip(args ...any)

Skip is equivalent to Log followed by SkipNow.

func (*B) SkipNow added in go1.1 

func (c *B) SkipNow()

SkipNow marks the test as having been skipped and stops its execution by calling runtime.Goexit. If a test fails (see Error, Errorf, Fail) and is then skipped, it is still considered to have failed. Execution will continue at the next test or benchmark. See also FailNow. SkipNow must be called from the goroutine running the test, not from other goroutines created during the test. Calling SkipNow does not stop those other goroutines.

func (*B) Skipf added in go1.1 

func (c *B) Skipf(format string, args ...any)

Skipf is equivalent to Logf followed by SkipNow.

func (*B) Skipped added in go1.1 

func (c *B) Skipped() bool

Skipped reports whether the test was skipped.

func (*B) StartTimer 

func (b *B) StartTimer()

StartTimer starts timing a test. This function is called automatically before a benchmark starts, but it can also be used to resume timing after a call to B.StopTimer.

func (*B) StopTimer 

func (b *B) StopTimer()

StopTimer stops timing a test. This can be used to pause the timer while performing complex initialization that you don't want to measure.

func (*B) TempDir added in go1.15 

func (c *B) TempDir() string

TempDir returns a temporary directory for the test to use. The directory is automatically removed when the test and all its subtests complete. Each subsequent call to t.TempDir returns a unique directory; if the directory creation fails, TempDir terminates the test by calling Fatal.

type BenchmarkResult 

type BenchmarkResult struct {
	N         int           // The number of iterations.
	T         time.Duration // The total time taken.
	Bytes     int64         // Bytes processed in one iteration.
	MemAllocs uint64        // The total number of memory allocations.
	MemBytes  uint64        // The total number of bytes allocated.

	// Extra records additional metrics reported by ReportMetric.
	Extra map[string]float64
}

BenchmarkResult contains the results of a benchmark run.

func Benchmark 

func Benchmark(f func(b *B)) BenchmarkResult

Benchmark benchmarks a single function. It is useful for creating custom benchmarks that do not use the "go test" command.

If f depends on testing flags, then Init must be used to register those flags before calling Benchmark and before calling flag.Parse.

If f calls Run, the result will be an estimate of running all its subbenchmarks that don't call Run in sequence in a single benchmark.

func (BenchmarkResult) AllocedBytesPerOp added in go1.1 

func (r BenchmarkResult) AllocedBytesPerOp() int64

AllocedBytesPerOp returns the "B/op" metric, which is calculated as r.MemBytes / r.N.

func (BenchmarkResult) AllocsPerOp added in go1.1 

func (r BenchmarkResult) AllocsPerOp() int64

AllocsPerOp returns the "allocs/op" metric, which is calculated as r.MemAllocs / r.N.

func (BenchmarkResult) MemString added in go1.1 

func (r BenchmarkResult) MemString() string

MemString returns r.AllocedBytesPerOp and r.AllocsPerOp in the same format as 'go test'.

func (BenchmarkResult) NsPerOp 

func (r BenchmarkResult) NsPerOp() int64

NsPerOp returns the "ns/op" metric.

func (BenchmarkResult) String 

func (r BenchmarkResult) String() string

String returns a summary of the benchmark results. It follows the benchmark result line format from https://golang.org/design/14313-benchmark-format, not including the benchmark name. Extra metrics override built-in metrics of the same name. String does not include allocs/op or B/op, since those are reported by BenchmarkResult.MemString.

type Cover added in go1.2 

type Cover struct {
	Mode            string
	Counters        map[string][]uint32
	Blocks          map[string][]CoverBlock
	CoveredPackages string
}

Cover records information about test coverage checking. NOTE: This struct is internal to the testing infrastructure and may change. It is not covered (yet) by the Go 1 compatibility guidelines.

type CoverBlock added in go1.2 

type CoverBlock struct {
	Line0 uint32 // Line number for block start.
	Col0  uint16 // Column number for block start.
	Line1 uint32 // Line number for block end.
	Col1  uint16 // Column number for block end.
	Stmts uint16 // Number of statements included in this block.
}

CoverBlock records the coverage data for a single basic block. The fields are 1-indexed, as in an editor: The opening line of the file is number 1, for example. Columns are measured in bytes. NOTE: This struct is internal to the testing infrastructure and may change. It is not covered (yet) by the Go 1 compatibility guidelines.

type F added in go1.18 

type F struct {
	// contains filtered or unexported fields
}

F is a type passed to fuzz tests.

Fuzz tests run generated inputs against a provided fuzz target, which can find and report potential bugs in the code being tested.

A fuzz test runs the seed corpus by default, which includes entries provided by (*F).Add and entries in the testdata/fuzz/<FuzzTestName> directory. After any necessary setup and calls to (*F).Add, the fuzz test must then call (*F).Fuzz to provide the fuzz target. See the testing package documentation for an example, and see the F.Fuzz and F.Add method documentation for details.

*F methods can only be called before (*F).Fuzz. Once the test is executing the fuzz target, only (*T) methods can be used. The only *F methods that are allowed in the (*F).Fuzz function are (*F).Failed and (*F).Name.

func (*F) Add added in go1.18 

func (f *F) Add(args ...any)

Add will add the arguments to the seed corpus for the fuzz test. This will be a no-op if called after or within the fuzz target, and args must match the arguments for the fuzz target.

func (*F) Chdir 

func (c *F) Chdir(dir string)

Chdir calls os.Chdir(dir) and uses Cleanup to restore the current working directory to its original value after the test. On Unix, it also sets PWD environment variable for the duration of the test.

Because Chdir affects the whole process, it cannot be used in parallel tests or tests with parallel ancestors.

func (*F) Cleanup added in go1.18 

func (c *F) Cleanup(f func())

Cleanup registers a function to be called when the test (or subtest) and all its subtests complete. Cleanup functions will be called in last added, first called order.

func (*F) Context 

func (c *F) Context() context.Context

Context returns a context that is canceled just before T.Cleanup-registered functions are called.

Cleanup functions can wait for any resources that shut down on Context.Done before the test completes.

func (*F) Error added in go1.18 

func (c *F) Error(args ...any)

Error is equivalent to Log followed by Fail.

func (*F) Errorf added in go1.18 

func (c *F) Errorf(format string, args ...any)

Errorf is equivalent to Logf followed by Fail.

func (*F) Fail added in go1.18 

func (f *F) Fail()

Fail marks the function as having failed but continues execution.

func (*F) FailNow added in go1.18 

func (c *F) FailNow()

FailNow marks the function as having failed and stops its execution by calling runtime.Goexit (which then runs all deferred calls in the current goroutine). Execution will continue at the next test or benchmark. FailNow must be called from the goroutine running the test or benchmark function, not from other goroutines created during the test. Calling FailNow does not stop those other goroutines.

func (*F) Failed added in go1.18 

func (c *F) Failed() bool

Failed reports whether the function has failed.

func (*F) Fatal added in go1.18 

func (c *F) Fatal(args ...any)

Fatal is equivalent to Log followed by FailNow.

func (*F) Fatalf added in go1.18 

func (c *F) Fatalf(format string, args ...any)

Fatalf is equivalent to Logf followed by FailNow.

func (*F) Fuzz added in go1.18 

func (f *F) Fuzz(ff any)

Fuzz runs the fuzz function, ff, for fuzz testing. If ff fails for a set of arguments, those arguments will be added to the seed corpus.

ff must be a function with no return value whose first argument is *T and whose remaining arguments are the types to be fuzzed. For example: 

f.Fuzz(func(t *testing.T, b []byte, i int) { ... })

The following types are allowed: []byte, string, bool, byte, rune, float32, float64, int, int8, int16, int32, int64, uint, uint8, uint16, uint32, uint64. More types may be supported in the future.

ff must not call any *F methods, e.g. (*F).Log, (*F).Error, (*F).Skip. Use the corresponding *T method instead. The only *F methods that are allowed in the (*F).Fuzz function are (*F).Failed and (*F).Name.

This function should be fast and deterministic, and its behavior should not depend on shared state. No mutable input arguments, or pointers to them, should be retained between executions of the fuzz function, as the memory backing them may be mutated during a subsequent invocation. ff must not modify the underlying data of the arguments provided by the fuzzing engine.

When fuzzing, F.Fuzz does not return until a problem is found, time runs out (set with -fuzztime), or the test process is interrupted by a signal. F.Fuzz should be called exactly once, unless F.Skip or F.Fail is called beforehand.

func (*F) Helper added in go1.18 

func (f *F) Helper()

Helper marks the calling function as a test helper function. When printing file and line information, that function will be skipped. Helper may be called simultaneously from multiple goroutines.

func (*F) Log added in go1.18 

func (c *F) Log(args ...any)

Log formats its arguments using default formatting, analogous to Println, and records the text in the error log. For tests, the text will be printed only if the test fails or the -test.v flag is set. For benchmarks, the text is always printed to avoid having performance depend on the value of the -test.v flag.

func (*F) Logf added in go1.18 

func (c *F) Logf(format string, args ...any)

Logf formats its arguments according to the format, analogous to Printf, and records the text in the error log. A final newline is added if not provided. For tests, the text will be printed only if the test fails or the -test.v flag is set. For benchmarks, the text is always printed to avoid having performance depend on the value of the -test.v flag.

func (*F) Name added in go1.18 

func (c *F) Name() string

Name returns the name of the running (sub-) test or benchmark.

The name will include the name of the test along with the names of any nested sub-tests. If two sibling sub-tests have the same name, Name will append a suffix to guarantee the returned name is unique.

func (*F) Setenv added in go1.18 

func (c *F) Setenv(key, value string)

Setenv calls os.Setenv(key, value) and uses Cleanup to restore the environment variable to its original value after the test.

Because Setenv affects the whole process, it cannot be used in parallel tests or tests with parallel ancestors.

func (*F) Skip added in go1.18 

func (c *F) Skip(args ...any)

Skip is equivalent to Log followed by SkipNow.

func (*F) SkipNow added in go1.18 

func (c *F) SkipNow()

SkipNow marks the test as having been skipped and stops its execution by calling runtime.Goexit. If a test fails (see Error, Errorf, Fail) and is then skipped, it is still considered to have failed. Execution will continue at the next test or benchmark. See also FailNow. SkipNow must be called from the goroutine running the test, not from other goroutines created during the test. Calling SkipNow does not stop those other goroutines.

func (*F) Skipf added in go1.18 

func (c *F) Skipf(format string, args ...any)

Skipf is equivalent to Logf followed by SkipNow.

func (*F) Skipped added in go1.18 

func (f *F) Skipped() bool

Skipped reports whether the test was skipped.

func (*F) TempDir added in go1.18 

func (c *F) TempDir() string

TempDir returns a temporary directory for the test to use. The directory is automatically removed when the test and all its subtests complete. Each subsequent call to t.TempDir returns a unique directory; if the directory creation fails, TempDir terminates the test by calling Fatal.

type InternalBenchmark 

type InternalBenchmark struct {
	Name string
	F    func(b *B)
}

InternalBenchmark is an internal type but exported because it is cross-package; it is part of the implementation of the "go test" command.

type InternalExample 

type InternalExample struct {
	Name      string
	F         func()
	Output    string
	Unordered bool
}

type InternalFuzzTarget added in go1.18 

type InternalFuzzTarget struct {
	Name string
	Fn   func(f *F)
}

InternalFuzzTarget is an internal type but exported because it is cross-package; it is part of the implementation of the "go test" command.

type InternalTest 

type InternalTest struct {
	Name string
	F    func(*T)
}

InternalTest is an internal type but exported because it is cross-package; it is part of the implementation of the "go test" command.

type M added in go1.4 

type M struct {
	// contains filtered or unexported fields
}

M is a type passed to a TestMain function to run the actual tests.

func MainStart added in go1.4 

func MainStart(deps testDeps, tests []InternalTest, benchmarks []InternalBenchmark, fuzzTargets []InternalFuzzTarget, examples []InternalExample) *M

MainStart is meant for use by tests generated by 'go test'. It is not meant to be called directly and is not subject to the Go 1 compatibility document. It may change signature from release to release.

func (*M) Run added in go1.4 

func (m *M) Run() (code int)

Run runs the tests. It returns an exit code to pass to os.Exit.

type PB added in go1.3 

type PB struct {
	// contains filtered or unexported fields
}

A PB is used by RunParallel for running parallel benchmarks.

func (*PB) Next added in go1.3 

func (pb *PB) Next() bool

Next reports whether there are more iterations to execute.

type T 

type T struct {
	// contains filtered or unexported fields
}

T is a type passed to Test functions to manage test state and support formatted test logs.

A test ends when its Test function returns or calls any of the methods FailNow, Fatal, Fatalf, SkipNow, Skip, or Skipf. Those methods, as well as the Parallel method, must be called only from the goroutine running the Test function.

The other reporting methods, such as the variations of Log and Error, may be called simultaneously from multiple goroutines.

func (*T) Chdir 

func (t *T) Chdir(dir string)

Chdir calls os.Chdir(dir) and uses Cleanup to restore the current working directory to its original value after the test. On Unix, it also sets PWD environment variable for the duration of the test.

Because Chdir affects the whole process, it cannot be used in parallel tests or tests with parallel ancestors.

func (*T) Cleanup added in go1.14 

func (c *T) Cleanup(f func())

Cleanup registers a function to be called when the test (or subtest) and all its subtests complete. Cleanup functions will be called in last added, first called order.

func (*T) Context 

func (c *T) Context() context.Context

Context returns a context that is canceled just before T.Cleanup-registered functions are called.

Cleanup functions can wait for any resources that shut down on Context.Done before the test completes.

func (*T) Deadline added in go1.15 

func (t *T) Deadline() (deadline time.Time, ok bool)

Deadline reports the time at which the test binary will have exceeded the timeout specified by the -timeout flag.

The ok result is false if the -timeout flag indicates “no timeout” (0).

func (*T) Error 

func (c *T) Error(args ...any)

Error is equivalent to Log followed by Fail.

func (*T) Errorf 

func (c *T) Errorf(format string, args ...any)

Errorf is equivalent to Logf followed by Fail.

func (*T) Fail 

func (c *T) Fail()

Fail marks the function as having failed but continues execution.

func (*T) FailNow 

func (c *T) FailNow()

FailNow marks the function as having failed and stops its execution by calling runtime.Goexit (which then runs all deferred calls in the current goroutine). Execution will continue at the next test or benchmark. FailNow must be called from the goroutine running the test or benchmark function, not from other goroutines created during the test. Calling FailNow does not stop those other goroutines.

func (*T) Failed 

func (c *T) Failed() bool

Failed reports whether the function has failed.

func (*T) Fatal 

func (c *T) Fatal(args ...any)

Fatal is equivalent to Log followed by FailNow.

func (*T) Fatalf 

func (c *T) Fatalf(format string, args ...any)

Fatalf is equivalent to Logf followed by FailNow.

func (*T) Helper added in go1.9 

func (c *T) Helper()

Helper marks the calling function as a test helper function. When printing file and line information, that function will be skipped. Helper may be called simultaneously from multiple goroutines.

func (*T) Log 

func (c *T) Log(args ...any)

Log formats its arguments using default formatting, analogous to Println, and records the text in the error log. For tests, the text will be printed only if the test fails or the -test.v flag is set. For benchmarks, the text is always printed to avoid having performance depend on the value of the -test.v flag.

func (*T) Logf 

func (c *T) Logf(format string, args ...any)

Logf formats its arguments according to the format, analogous to Printf, and records the text in the error log. A final newline is added if not provided. For tests, the text will be printed only if the test fails or the -test.v flag is set. For benchmarks, the text is always printed to avoid having performance depend on the value of the -test.v flag.

func (*T) Name added in go1.8 

func (c *T) Name() string

Name returns the name of the running (sub-) test or benchmark.

The name will include the name of the test along with the names of any nested sub-tests. If two sibling sub-tests have the same name, Name will append a suffix to guarantee the returned name is unique.

func (*T) Parallel 

func (t *T) Parallel()

Parallel signals that this test is to be run in parallel with (and only with) other parallel tests. When a test is run multiple times due to use of -test.count or -test.cpu, multiple instances of a single test never run in parallel with each other.

func (*T) Run added in go1.7 

func (t *T) Run(name string, f func(t *T)) bool

Run runs f as a subtest of t called name. It runs f in a separate goroutine and blocks until f returns or calls t.Parallel to become a parallel test. Run reports whether f succeeded (or at least did not fail before calling t.Parallel).

Run may be called simultaneously from multiple goroutines, but all such calls must return before the outer test function for t returns.

func (*T) Setenv added in go1.17 

func (t *T) Setenv(key, value string)

Setenv calls os.Setenv(key, value) and uses Cleanup to restore the environment variable to its original value after the test.

Because Setenv affects the whole process, it cannot be used in parallel tests or tests with parallel ancestors.

func (*T) Skip added in go1.1 

func (c *T) Skip(args ...any)

Skip is equivalent to Log followed by SkipNow.

func (*T) SkipNow added in go1.1 

func (c *T) SkipNow()

SkipNow marks the test as having been skipped and stops its execution by calling runtime.Goexit. If a test fails (see Error, Errorf, Fail) and is then skipped, it is still considered to have failed. Execution will continue at the next test or benchmark. See also FailNow. SkipNow must be called from the goroutine running the test, not from other goroutines created during the test. Calling SkipNow does not stop those other goroutines.

func (*T) Skipf added in go1.1 

func (c *T) Skipf(format string, args ...any)

Skipf is equivalent to Logf followed by SkipNow.

func (*T) Skipped added in go1.1 

func (c *T) Skipped() bool

Skipped reports whether the test was skipped.

func (*T) TempDir added in go1.15 

func (c *T) TempDir() string

TempDir returns a temporary directory for the test to use. The directory is automatically removed when the test and all its subtests complete. Each subsequent call to t.TempDir returns a unique directory; if the directory creation fails, TempDir terminates the test by calling Fatal.

type TB added in go1.2 

type TB interface {
	Cleanup(func())
	Error(args ...any)
	Errorf(format string, args ...any)
	Fail()
	FailNow()
	Failed() bool
	Fatal(args ...any)
	Fatalf(format string, args ...any)
	Helper()
	Log(args ...any)
	Logf(format string, args ...any)
	Name() string
	Setenv(key, value string)
	Chdir(dir string)
	Skip(args ...any)
	SkipNow()
	Skipf(format string, args ...any)
	Skipped() bool
	TempDir() string
	Context() context.Context
	// contains filtered or unexported methods
}

TB is the interface common to T, B, and F.

Source Files

View all Source files

Directories

Path Synopsis
Package fstest implements support for testing implementations and users of file systems.
 Package fstest implements support for testing implementations and users of file systems.
internal
testdeps
Package testdeps provides access to dependencies needed by test execution.
 Package testdeps provides access to dependencies needed by test execution.
Package iotest implements Readers and Writers useful mainly for testing.
 Package iotest implements Readers and Writers useful mainly for testing.
Package quick implements utility functions to help with black box testing.
 Package quick implements utility functions to help with black box testing.
Package slogtest implements support for testing implementations of log/slog.Handler.
 Package slogtest implements support for testing implementations of log/slog.Handler.

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