protobuf

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Published: Oct 7, 2024 License: BSD-3-Clause

README

Go support for Protocol Buffers

Go Reference Build Status

This project hosts the Go implementation for protocol buffers, which is a language-neutral, platform-neutral, extensible mechanism for serializing structured data. The protocol buffer language is a language for specifying the schema for structured data. This schema is compiled into language specific bindings. This project provides both a tool to generate Go code for the protocol buffer language, and also the runtime implementation to handle serialization of messages in Go. See the protocol buffer developer guide for more information about protocol buffers themselves.

This project is comprised of two components:

See the developer guide for protocol buffers in Go for a general guide for how to get started using protobufs in Go.

This project is the second major revision of the Go protocol buffer API implemented by the google.golang.org/protobuf module. The first major version is implemented by the github.com/golang/protobuf module.

Package index

Summary of the packages provided by this module:

  • proto: Package proto provides functions operating on protobuf messages such as cloning, merging, and checking equality, as well as binary serialization.
  • encoding/protojson: Package protojson serializes protobuf messages as JSON.
  • encoding/prototext: Package prototext serializes protobuf messages as the text format.
  • encoding/protowire: Package protowire parses and formats the low-level raw wire encoding. Most users should use package proto to serialize messages in the wire format.
  • reflect/protoreflect: Package protoreflect provides interfaces to dynamically manipulate protobuf messages.
  • reflect/protoregistry: Package protoregistry provides data structures to register and lookup protobuf descriptor types.
  • reflect/protodesc: Package protodesc provides functionality for converting descriptorpb.FileDescriptorProto messages to/from the reflective protoreflect.FileDescriptor.
  • reflect/protopath: Package protopath provides a representation of a sequence of protobuf reflection operations on a message.
  • reflect/protorange: Package protorange provides functionality to traverse a protobuf message.
  • testing/protocmp: Package protocmp provides protobuf specific options for the cmp package.
  • testing/protopack: Package protopack aids manual encoding and decoding of the wire format.
  • testing/prototest: Package prototest exercises the protobuf reflection implementation for concrete message types.
  • types/dynamicpb: Package dynamicpb creates protobuf messages at runtime from protobuf descriptors.
  • types/known/anypb: Package anypb is the generated package for google/protobuf/any.proto.
  • types/known/timestamppb: Package timestamppb is the generated package for google/protobuf/timestamp.proto.
  • types/known/durationpb: Package durationpb is the generated package for google/protobuf/duration.proto.
  • types/known/wrapperspb: Package wrapperspb is the generated package for google/protobuf/wrappers.proto.
  • types/known/structpb: Package structpb is the generated package for google/protobuf/struct.proto.
  • types/known/fieldmaskpb: Package fieldmaskpb is the generated package for google/protobuf/field_mask.proto.
  • types/known/apipb: Package apipb is the generated package for google/protobuf/api.proto.
  • types/known/typepb: Package typepb is the generated package for google/protobuf/type.proto.
  • types/known/sourcecontextpb: Package sourcecontextpb is the generated package for google/protobuf/source_context.proto.
  • types/known/emptypb: Package emptypb is the generated package for google/protobuf/empty.proto.
  • types/descriptorpb: Package descriptorpb is the generated package for google/protobuf/descriptor.proto.
  • types/pluginpb: Package pluginpb is the generated package for google/protobuf/compiler/plugin.proto.
  • compiler/protogen: Package protogen provides support for writing protoc plugins.
  • cmd/protoc-gen-go: The protoc-gen-go binary is a protoc plugin to generate a Go protocol buffer package.

Reporting issues

The issue tracker for this project is currently located at golang/protobuf.

Please report any issues there with a sufficient description of the bug or feature request. Bug reports should ideally be accompanied by a minimal reproduction of the issue. Irreproducible bugs are difficult to diagnose and fix (and likely to be closed after some period of time). Bug reports must specify the version of the Go protocol buffer module and also the version of the protocol buffer toolchain being used.

Contributing

This project is open-source and accepts contributions. See the contribution guide for more information.

Compatibility

This module and the generated code are expected to be stable over time. However, we reserve the right to make breaking changes without notice for the following reasons:

  • Security: A security issue in the specification or implementation may come to light whose resolution requires breaking compatibility. We reserve the right to address such issues.
  • Unspecified behavior: There are some aspects of the protocol buffer specification that are undefined. Programs that depend on unspecified behavior may break in future releases.
  • Specification changes: It may become necessary to address an inconsistency, incompleteness, or change in the protocol buffer specification, which may affect the behavior of existing programs. We reserve the right to address such changes.
  • Bugs: If a package has a bug that violates correctness, a program depending on the buggy behavior may break if the bug is fixed. We reserve the right to fix such bugs.
  • Generated additions: We reserve the right to add new declarations to generated Go packages of .proto files. This includes declared constants, variables, functions, types, fields in structs, and methods on types. This may break attempts at injecting additional code on top of what is generated by protoc-gen-go. Such practice is not supported by this project.
  • Internal changes: We reserve the right to add, modify, and remove internal code, which includes all unexported declarations, the protoc-gen-go/internal_gengo package, the runtime/protoimpl package, and all packages under internal.

Any breaking changes outside of these will be announced 6 months in advance to protobuf@googlegroups.com.

Users should use generated code produced by a version of protoc-gen-go that is identical to the runtime version provided by the protobuf module. This project promises that the runtime remains compatible with code produced by a version of the generator that is no older than 1 year from the version of the runtime used, according to the release dates of the minor version. Generated code is expected to use a runtime version that is at least as new as the generator used to produce it. Generated code contains references to protoimpl.EnforceVersion to statically ensure that the generated code and runtime do not drift sufficiently far apart.

Historical legacy

This project is the second major revision (released in 2020) of the Go protocol buffer API implemented by the google.golang.org/protobuf module. The first major version (released publicly in 2010) is implemented by the github.com/golang/protobuf module.

The first version predates the release of Go 1 by several years. It has a long history as one of the first core pieces of infrastructure software ever written in Go. As such, the Go protobuf project was one of many pioneers for determining what the Go language should even look like and what would eventually be considered good design patterns and “idiomatic” Go (by simultaneously being both positive and negative examples of it).

Consider the changing signature of the proto.Unmarshal function as an example of Go language and library evolution throughout the life of this project:

// 2007/09/25 - Conception of Go

// 2008/11/12
export func UnMarshal(r io.Read, pb_e reflect.Empty) *os.Error

// 2008/11/13
export func UnMarshal(buf *[]byte, pb_e reflect.Empty) *os.Error

// 2008/11/24
export func UnMarshal(buf *[]byte, pb_e interface{}) *os.Error

// 2008/12/18
export func UnMarshal(buf []byte, pb_e interface{}) *os.Error

// 2009/01/20
func UnMarshal(buf []byte, pb_e interface{}) *os.Error

// 2009/04/17
func UnMarshal(buf []byte, pb_e interface{}) os.Error

// 2009/05/22
func Unmarshal(buf []byte, pb_e interface{}) os.Error

// 2011/11/03
func Unmarshal(buf []byte, pb_e interface{}) error

// 2012/03/28 - Release of Go 1

// 2012/06/12
func Unmarshal(buf []byte, pb Message) error

These changes demonstrate the difficulty of determining what the right API is for any new technology. It takes time multiplied by many users to determine what is best; even then, “best” is often still somewhere over the horizon.

The change on June 6th, 2012 added a degree of type-safety to Go protobufs by declaring a new interface that all protobuf messages were required to implement:

type Message interface {
   Reset()
   String() string
   ProtoMessage()
}

This interface reduced the set of types that can be passed to proto.Unmarshal from the universal set of all possible Go types to those with a special ProtoMessage marker method. The intention of this change is to limit the protobuf API to only operate on protobuf data types (i.e., protobuf messages). For example, there is no sensible operation if a Go channel were passed to the protobuf API as a channel cannot be serialized. The restricted interface would prevent that.

This interface does not behaviorally describe what a protobuf message is, but acts as a marker with an undocumented expectation that protobuf messages must be a Go struct with a specific layout of fields with formatted tags. This expectation is not statically enforced by the Go language, for it is an implementation detail checked dynamically at runtime using Go reflection. Back in 2012, the only types with this marker were those generated by protoc-gen-go. Since protoc-gen-go would always generate messages with the proper layout of fields, this was deemed an acceptable and dramatic improvement over interface{}.

Over the next 10 years, use of Go would skyrocket and use of protobufs in Go would skyrocket as well. With increased popularity also came more diverse usages and requirements for Go protobufs and an increased number of custom proto.Message implementations that were not generated by protoc-gen-go.

The increasingly diverse ecosystem of Go types implementing the proto.Message interface led to incompatibilities, which often occurred when:

  • Passing custom proto.Message types to the protobuf APIs: A concrete message implementation might work with some top-level functions (e.g., proto.Marshal), but cause others (e.g., proto.Equal) to choke and panic. This occurs because the type only had partial support for being an actual message by only implementing the proto.Marshaler interface or having malformed struct field tags that happened to work with one function, but not another.

  • Using Go reflection on any proto.Message types: A common desire is to write general-purpose code that operates on any protobuf message. For example, a microservice might want to populate a trace_id field if it is present in a message. To accomplish this, one would use Go reflection to introspect the message type, and assume it were a pointer to a Go struct with a field named TraceId (as would be commonly produced by protoc-gen-go). If the concrete message type did not match this expectation, it either failed to work or even resulted in a panic. Such was the case for concrete message types that might be backed by a Go map instead of a Go struct.

Both of these issues are solved by following the idiom that interfaces should describe behavior, not data. This means that the interface itself should provide sufficient functionality through its methods that users can introspect and interact with all aspects of a protobuf message through a principled API. This feature is called protobuf reflection. Just as how Go reflection provides an API for programmatically interacting with any arbitrary Go value, protobuf reflection provides an API for programmatically interacting with any arbitrary protobuf message.

Since an interface cannot be extended in a backwards compatible way, this suggested the need for a new major version that defines a new proto.Message interface:

type Message interface {
    ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message
}

The new proto.Message interface contains a single ProtoReflect method that returns a protoreflect.Message, which is a reflective view over a protobuf message. In addition to making a breaking change to the proto.Message interface, we took this opportunity to cleanup the supporting functionality that operate on a proto.Message, split up complicated functionality apart into manageable packages, and to hide implementation details away from the public API.

The goal for this major revision is to improve upon all the benefits of, while addressing all the shortcomings of the old API. We hope that it will serve the Go ecosystem well for the next 10 years and beyond.

Directories

Path Synopsis
cmd
protoc-gen-go
The protoc-gen-go binary is a protoc plugin to generate Go code for both proto2 and proto3 versions of the protocol buffer language.
The protoc-gen-go binary is a protoc plugin to generate Go code for both proto2 and proto3 versions of the protocol buffer language.
protoc-gen-go/internal_gengo
Package internal_gengo is internal to the protobuf module.
Package internal_gengo is internal to the protobuf module.
compiler
protogen
Package protogen provides support for writing protoc plugins.
Package protogen provides support for writing protoc plugins.
encoding
protodelim
Package protodelim marshals and unmarshals varint size-delimited messages.
Package protodelim marshals and unmarshals varint size-delimited messages.
protojson
Package protojson marshals and unmarshals protocol buffer messages as JSON format.
Package protojson marshals and unmarshals protocol buffer messages as JSON format.
prototext
Package prototext marshals and unmarshals protocol buffer messages as the textproto format.
Package prototext marshals and unmarshals protocol buffer messages as the textproto format.
protowire
Package protowire parses and formats the raw wire encoding.
Package protowire parses and formats the raw wire encoding.
internal
cmd/generate-corpus
Program generate-corpus generates a seed corpus for the fuzzers.
Program generate-corpus generates a seed corpus for the fuzzers.
cmd/pbdump
pbdump is a tool for decoding the wire format for protocol buffer messages.
pbdump is a tool for decoding the wire format for protocol buffer messages.
descfmt
Package descfmt provides functionality to format descriptors.
Package descfmt provides functionality to format descriptors.
descopts
Package descopts contains the nil pointers to concrete descriptor options.
Package descopts contains the nil pointers to concrete descriptor options.
detrand
Package detrand provides deterministically random functionality.
Package detrand provides deterministically random functionality.
editiondefaults
Package editiondefaults contains the binary representation of the editions defaults.
Package editiondefaults contains the binary representation of the editions defaults.
editionssupport
Package editionssupport defines constants for editions that are supported.
Package editionssupport defines constants for editions that are supported.
encoding/defval
Package defval marshals and unmarshals textual forms of default values.
Package defval marshals and unmarshals textual forms of default values.
encoding/messageset
Package messageset encodes and decodes the obsolete MessageSet wire format.
Package messageset encodes and decodes the obsolete MessageSet wire format.
encoding/tag
Package tag marshals and unmarshals the legacy struct tags as generated by historical versions of protoc-gen-go.
Package tag marshals and unmarshals the legacy struct tags as generated by historical versions of protoc-gen-go.
encoding/text
Package text implements the text format for protocol buffers.
Package text implements the text format for protocol buffers.
errors
Package errors implements functions to manipulate errors.
Package errors implements functions to manipulate errors.
filedesc
Package filedesc provides functionality for constructing descriptors.
Package filedesc provides functionality for constructing descriptors.
filetype
Package filetype provides functionality for wrapping descriptors with Go type information.
Package filetype provides functionality for wrapping descriptors with Go type information.
flags
Package flags provides a set of flags controlled by build tags.
Package flags provides a set of flags controlled by build tags.
fuzz/jsonfuzz
Package jsonfuzz includes fuzzers for protojson.Marshal and protojson.Unmarshal.
Package jsonfuzz includes fuzzers for protojson.Marshal and protojson.Unmarshal.
fuzz/textfuzz
Package textfuzz includes fuzzers for prototext.Marshal and prototext.Unmarshal.
Package textfuzz includes fuzzers for prototext.Marshal and prototext.Unmarshal.
fuzz/wirefuzz
Package wirefuzz includes a fuzzer for the wire marshaler and unmarshaler.
Package wirefuzz includes a fuzzer for the wire marshaler and unmarshaler.
fuzztest
Package fuzztest contains a common fuzzer test.
Package fuzztest contains a common fuzzer test.
genid
Package genid contains constants for declarations in descriptor.proto and the well-known types.
Package genid contains constants for declarations in descriptor.proto and the well-known types.
msgfmt
Package msgfmt implements a text marshaler combining the desirable features of both the JSON and proto text formats.
Package msgfmt implements a text marshaler combining the desirable features of both the JSON and proto text formats.
order
Package order provides ordered access to messages and maps.
Package order provides ordered access to messages and maps.
pragma
Package pragma provides types that can be embedded into a struct to statically enforce or prevent certain language properties.
Package pragma provides types that can be embedded into a struct to statically enforce or prevent certain language properties.
protobuild
Package protobuild constructs messages.
Package protobuild constructs messages.
protolegacy
Package protolegacy is a stub version of the v1 proto package to satisfy internal/testprotos/legacy dependencies.
Package protolegacy is a stub version of the v1 proto package to satisfy internal/testprotos/legacy dependencies.
set
Package set provides simple set data structures for uint64s.
Package set provides simple set data structures for uint64s.
strs
Package strs provides string manipulation functionality specific to protobuf.
Package strs provides string manipulation functionality specific to protobuf.
testprotos/legacy/proto2_20160225_2fc053c5
Package proto2_20160225_2fc053c5 is a generated protocol buffer package.
Package proto2_20160225_2fc053c5 is a generated protocol buffer package.
testprotos/legacy/proto2_20160519_a4ab9ec5
Package proto2_20160519_a4ab9ec5 is a generated protocol buffer package.
Package proto2_20160519_a4ab9ec5 is a generated protocol buffer package.
testprotos/legacy/proto2_20180125_92554152
Package proto2_20180125_92554152 is a generated protocol buffer package.
Package proto2_20180125_92554152 is a generated protocol buffer package.
testprotos/legacy/proto3_20160225_2fc053c5
Package proto3_20160225_2fc053c5 is a generated protocol buffer package.
Package proto3_20160225_2fc053c5 is a generated protocol buffer package.
testprotos/legacy/proto3_20160519_a4ab9ec5
Package proto3_20160519_a4ab9ec5 is a generated protocol buffer package.
Package proto3_20160519_a4ab9ec5 is a generated protocol buffer package.
testprotos/legacy/proto3_20180125_92554152
Package proto3_20180125_92554152 is a generated protocol buffer package.
Package proto3_20180125_92554152 is a generated protocol buffer package.
version
Package version records versioning information about this module.
Package version records versioning information about this module.
weakdeps
Package weakdeps exists to add weak module dependencies.
Package weakdeps exists to add weak module dependencies.
Package proto provides functions operating on protocol buffer messages.
Package proto provides functions operating on protocol buffer messages.
Package protoadapt bridges the original and new proto APIs.
Package protoadapt bridges the original and new proto APIs.
reflect
protodesc
Package protodesc provides functionality for converting FileDescriptorProto messages to/from protoreflect.FileDescriptor values.
Package protodesc provides functionality for converting FileDescriptorProto messages to/from protoreflect.FileDescriptor values.
protopath
Package protopath provides functionality for representing a sequence of protobuf reflection operations on a message.
Package protopath provides functionality for representing a sequence of protobuf reflection operations on a message.
protorange
Package protorange provides functionality to traverse a message value.
Package protorange provides functionality to traverse a message value.
protoreflect
Package protoreflect provides interfaces to dynamically manipulate messages.
Package protoreflect provides interfaces to dynamically manipulate messages.
protoregistry
Package protoregistry provides data structures to register and lookup protobuf descriptor types.
Package protoregistry provides data structures to register and lookup protobuf descriptor types.
runtime
protoiface
Package protoiface contains types referenced or implemented by messages.
Package protoiface contains types referenced or implemented by messages.
protoimpl
Package protoimpl contains the default implementation for messages generated by protoc-gen-go.
Package protoimpl contains the default implementation for messages generated by protoc-gen-go.
testing
protocmp
Package protocmp provides protobuf specific options for the github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp package.
Package protocmp provides protobuf specific options for the github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp package.
protopack
Package protopack enables manual encoding and decoding of protobuf wire data.
Package protopack enables manual encoding and decoding of protobuf wire data.
prototest
Package prototest exercises protobuf reflection.
Package prototest exercises protobuf reflection.
types
dynamicpb
Package dynamicpb creates protocol buffer messages using runtime type information.
Package dynamicpb creates protocol buffer messages using runtime type information.
known/anypb
Package anypb contains generated types for google/protobuf/any.proto.
Package anypb contains generated types for google/protobuf/any.proto.
known/durationpb
Package durationpb contains generated types for google/protobuf/duration.proto.
Package durationpb contains generated types for google/protobuf/duration.proto.
known/fieldmaskpb
Package fieldmaskpb contains generated types for google/protobuf/field_mask.proto.
Package fieldmaskpb contains generated types for google/protobuf/field_mask.proto.
known/structpb
Package structpb contains generated types for google/protobuf/struct.proto.
Package structpb contains generated types for google/protobuf/struct.proto.
known/timestamppb
Package timestamppb contains generated types for google/protobuf/timestamp.proto.
Package timestamppb contains generated types for google/protobuf/timestamp.proto.

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